Boone, D.C., Azen, S.P., Lin, C.M., Spence, C., Baron, C. and Lee, L. (1978) Reliability of goniometric measurement. Physical Therapy 558, 1355-1360.

Carson, M.C., Harrington, M.E., Thompson, N., O'Connor, J.J. and Theologis, T.N. (2001) Kinematic analysis of a multi-segment foot model for research and clinical applications: a repeatability analysis. Journal of Biomechanics 334, 1299-1307.

Cornwall, M.W. and McPoil, T.G. (1999) Three dimensional movement of the foot during the stance phase of walking. Journal of American Podiatric Medical Association 889, 56-66.

Diamond, J.E., Mueller, M.J., Delitto, A. and Sinacore, D.R. (1989). Reliability of a diabetic foot evaluation. Physical Therapy 669, 797-802.

Donatelli, R. (1987) Abnormal biomechanics of the foot and ankle. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy 99, 11-16.

Donatelli, R., Wooden, M., Ekedahl, S.R., Wilks, J.S., Cooper, J. and Bush, A.J. (1999). Relationship between static and dynamic foot postures in professional players. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy 229, 316-330.

Elveru, R.A., Rothstein, J.M. and Lamb, R.L. (1988a) Goniometric reliability in a clinical setting: subtalar and ankle joint measurements. Physical Therapy 668, 672-677.

Elveru, R.A., Rothstein, J.M., Lamb, R.L. and Riddle, D.L. (1988b) Methods for taking subtalar joint measurements: a clinical report. Physical therapy 668, 678-682.

Ferber, R., Davis, I.M., Williams III, D.S. and Laughton, C. (2002) A comparison of within and between day reliability of discrete 3D lower extremity variables in runners. Journal of Orthopaedic Research 220, 1139-1145.

Freeman, A.C. (1990) A study of inter-observer and intra-observer reliability in the measurement of resting calcaneal stance position, and neutral calcaneal stance position. Australian Podiatrist 224, 10-13.

Fulkerson, J.P. (1997) Disorders of the patellofemoral joint. 3rd Ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins.

Grood, E.S. and Suntay, W.J. (1983) Joint coordinate system for the clinical description of three-dimensional motions, application to the knee. Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 1105, 136-144.

Hunt, A.E. and Smith, R.M. (2004) Mechanism and control of the flat versus normal foot during the stance phase of walking. Clinical Biomechanics 119, 391-397.

Hunt, A.E., Smith, R.M. and Torode, M. (2001a) Extrinsic muscle activity, foot motion and ankle joint moments during the stance phase of walking. Foot and Ankle International 222, 31-41.

Hunt, A.E., Smith, R.M., Torode, M. and Keenan, A. (2001b) Inter-segment foot motion and ground reaction forces over the stance phase of walking. Clinical Biomechanics 116, 592-600.

Kadaba, M.P., Ramakrishnan, H.K., Wootten, M.E., Gainey, J., Gorton, G. and Cochran, G.V.B. (1989) Repeatability of kinematics, kinetic, and electromyographics data in normal adult gait. Journal of Orthopaedic Research 77, 849-860.

Knutzen, K.M. and Price, A. (1994) Lower extremity static and dynamic relationships with rearfoot motion in gait. Journal of American Podiatric Medical Association 884, 171-180.

Leardini, A., Benedetti, M.G., Catani, F., Simoncini, L. and Giannini, S. (1999) An anatomically based protocol for the description of foot segment kinematics during gait. Clinical Biomechanics 114, 528-536.

Lee, W.E. (2001) Podiatric biomechanics: an historical appraisal and discussion of the Root model as a clinical system of approach in the present context of theoretical uncertainty. Clinics in Podiatric Medicine and Surgery 118, 555-684.

Levinger, P. and Gilleard, W. (2004) An evaluation of the rearfoot posture in individuals with patellofemoral pain syndrome. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine 33, 8-14.

Liu, W., Siegler, S., Hillstrom, H. and Whitney, K. (1997) Three-dimensional, six-degrees-of-freedom kinematics of the human hindfoot during the stance phase of level walking. Human Movement Science, 116, 283-298.

Magee, D.J. (2002). Orthopaedic Physical Assessment. 4th Ed. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Saunders.

Manal, K., McClay, I., Stanhope, S., Richards, J. and Galinat, B. (2000). Comparison of surface mounted markers and attachments methods in estimating tibial rotations during walking: an in vivo study. Gait and Posture 111, 38-45.

Maslen, B.A. and Ackland, T.R. (1994) Radiographic study of skin displacement errors in the foot and ankle during standing. Clinical Biomechanics 99, 291-296.

McClay, I. and Manal, K. (1998) A comparison of three-dimensional lower extremity kinematics during running between excessive pronators and normals. Clinical Biomechanics 113, 195-203.

McConnell, J. (1986) The management of chondromalacia patellae: a long term solution. The Australian Journal of Physiotherapy 332, 215-223.

McPoil, T.G. and Brocato, R.S. (1985) The foot and ankle: biomechanical evaluation and treatment. In: JOrthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy 2. Eds: Gould III, A and Davies, G.J. St. Louis, Missouri: The C.V Mosby Company. 313-341.

McPoil, T.G. and Cornwall, M.W. (1994) Relationship between neutral subtalar joint position and pattern of rearfoot motion during walking. Foot and Ankle 115, 141-145.

McPoil, T.G. and Cornwall, M.W. (1996a) The relationship between static lower extremity measurements and rearfoot motion during walking. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy 224, 309-314.

McPoil, T.G. and Cornwall, M.W. (1996b) Relationship between three static angles of the rearfoot and the pattern of rearfoot motion during walking. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy 223, 370-375.

Moseley, L., Smith, R. and Gant, R. (1996) Three dimensional kinematics of the rearfoot during the stance phase of walking in normal young adult males. Clinical Biomechanics 111, 39-45.

Picciano, A., Rowlands, M.S. and Worrell, T. (1993) Reliability of open and closed kinetic chain subtalar joint neutral positions and navicular drop test. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy 118, 553-558.

Pierrynowski, M.R. and Smith, S.B. (1996) Rearfoot inversion/eversion during gait relative to the subtalar joint neutral position. Foot and Ankle International 117, 406-412.

Pierrynowski, M.R., Smith, S.B. and Mlynarczyk, J.H. (1996) Proficiency of foot care specialists to place the rearfoot at subtalar neutral. Journal of American Podiatric Medical Association 886, 217-223.

Root, M.L., Orien, W.P. and Weed, J.H. (1977) Normal and abnormal function of foot: Clinical biomechanics. Los Angeles: Clinical Biomechanics Corporation.

Scott, S.H. and Winter, D.A. (1991) Talocrural and talocalcaneal joint kinematics and kinetics during the stance phase of walking. Journal of Biomechanics 224, 743-752.

Sell, K.E., Verity, T.M., Worrell, T.W., Pease, B.J. and Wigglesworth, J. (1994) Two measurement techniques for assessing subtalar joint position: a reliability study. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy 119, 162-167.

Smith-Oricchio, K. and Harris, B.N. (1990) Interrater reliability of subtalar neutral, calcaneal inversion and eversion. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy 112, 10-15.

Subotnick, S.I. (1975) Podiatric Sport Medicine. New York: Futura Publishing Company.

Tiberio, D. (1987) The effect of excessive subtalar joint pronation on patellofemoral mechanics: a theoretical model. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy 99, 160-165.

Wooden, M.J. (1990) Biomechanical evaluation for functional orthotics. In: The biomechanics of the foot and ankle. Ed: Donatelli, R. Philadelphia: F.A David Company. 131-147.

Wright, D.G., Desai, S.M. and Henderson, W.H. (1964) Action of the subtalar and ankle joint complex during the stance phase of walking. Journal of Bone Joint Surgery 446, 361-382