Figure 2. Muscle synergy extraction and temporal patterns across push-up tasks. VAF, variance accounted for; F, vertical ground reaction force; M1, synergy module 1; M2, synergy module 2; P1, synergy primitive 1; P2, synergy primitive 2; SP, standard push-up; PP, plyometric push-up; SSP, standard squat push-up; FCR, flexor carpi radialis; ECR, extensor carpi radialis; BB, biceps brachii; TB, triceps brachii; AD, anterior deltoid; PD, posterior deltoid; PM, pectoralis major; SA, serratus anterior; UT, upper trapezius; LD, latissimus dorsi; ES, erector spinae; RA, rectus abdominis. Bar plots show normalized muscle weights for each synergy module (mean ± SD). Line plots show the mean trajectories of F and synergy primitives across 0–100% of the concentric phase, with shaded areas indicating ±1 SD.