Figure 1. The five phases of the volleyball spike after jumping are the initiation (I), wind-up (II), arm cocking (III), arm acceleration (IV), and ball contact and follow-through (V) in the different arm swing techniques. A) Straight, B) Bow-and-arrow high, C) Bow-and-arrow low, D) Snap and E) Circular. The red line indicates the position of the elbow during the arm swing. Please note that the “A, B, C and D” techniques have a full stop at final cocking position while “E” technique has a continuous arm movement during the whole attack movement. (adapted from Giatsis et al., 2022, with permission).