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| |
| Subjects | Supplementation Protocol | Test Protocol | Results | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Performance | Body Composition | ||||
| Burke et al. 1996 | 32 (18 Male; 14 Female) 17-25 yrs National level swimmers |
5g Creatine monohydrate + 2g sucrose OR 5g polyglucose + 2g sucrose 4 x per day, 5 Days Randomised, double blinded |
Preferred stroke 1x25m sprint 1x50m sprint 1x100m sprint 10mins active recovery + 2-3mins passive recovery between sprints |
No significant performance changes in any of the trials in either group |
Not specified |
| Havenetidis et al. 1996 | 21 (11 Male; 10 Female) Elite swimmers |
2 identical supplementation periods; 4 months apart 5g Creatine OR 5g placebo 5 x per day, 4 Dayst No randomisation, double blinded |
Stroke not specified Official meet race performance Distance not specified |
Significant improvement in race time (2.1%) following first supplementation period for the creatine group only Further improvements in race times (3.0%) following second supplementation period for the creatine group only |
Not specified |
| Mujika et al. 1996 | 20 (11 Male; 9 Female) ~ 20 yrs National or international level swimmers |
5g Creatine monohydrate OR 5g lactose placebo 4 x per day, 5 Days Randomisation not specified, double blinded |
Preferred stroke 1x25m sprint 1x50m sprint 1x100m sprint 300m active recovery + 20-25 mins passive recovery between sprints |
No significant performance changes in any of the 3 trials or the sum of the 3 trials in either group Tendancy towards reduced performance in 25m and 50m swims in the creatine group |
Significant increase in body weight (1%) in the creatine group only |
| Thompson et al. 1996 | 10 (Female) University swimmers |
2g Creatine OR 2g placebo 1 x per day, 6 Weeks Randomised, blinding not specified |
Freestyle 1x100m sprint 1x400m sprint |
No significant effect on swim time in either sprint for either group |
No change to lean body mass |
| Peyrebrune et al. 1998 | 14 (Male) ~ 20-21 yrs National level swimmers |
3g Creatine + 1.5g maltodextrin + 1.5g glucose OR 6g glucose 3 x per day, 5 Days Randomised, double blinded |
Preferred stroke 1x50yd sprint |
No effect on performance in either group | Not specified |
| Dawson et al. 2002 | 20 (10 Male; 10 Female) ~ 16 yrs Competitive swimmers |
Acute loading period: 5g creatine monohydrate + 1g glucose polymer OR 6g glucose polymer 4 x per day; 5 days Maintenance period: 5g creatine monohydrate OR 5g glucose polymer; 1 x per day; 22 days Randomised, single blinded |
Freestyle 1x50m sprint 1x100m sprint 3x100m recovery swims on a departure interval of 1.5 mins |
No significant improvements in performance for either group |
No significant body mass changes Skinfold totals decreased for both groups, but were not statistically different from the respective baseline scores |
| Selsby et al. 2003 | 15 (8 Male; 7 Female) ~ 19 yrs Division III collegiate swimmers |
Acute loading period: 0.3g creatine / kg body weight OR varying doses of dextrose placebo 5 x per day, 5 days Maintenance period: 2.25g creatine OR varying doses of dextrose 1 x per day, 9 days Randomised, double blinded |
Freestyle
1x50yd sprint 1x100yd sprint |
Trend towards improved performance in both sprints in the creatine group Trend towards reduced performance in both sprints in the placebo group |
No significant weight gain within groups |
| Mendes et al. 2004 | 18 (12 Male; 6 Female) ~ 19 yrs Competitive Swimmers |
5g Creatine + 20g CHO OR 20g CHO 4 x per day, 8 Days Double blind, placebo controlled |
1 x 50m sprint 1 x 100m sprint |
No effect on performance in either group | Significant increase in total body mass, lean body mass and body water in the creatine group only No change in bone or muscle mass |