Table 1. Exercise intervention studies in children and adolescents.

	Reference	Participants	Design	Intervention	Results*
Prepubertal	Bradney et al., 1998	Boys. White. Age 10.4±0.2yrs	Randomized by school Con = 20; Ex = 20	After school clubs of aerobics, soccer, volleyball, dance, gymnastics, basketball and weight training; 3 times/week; 30mins/session; 8 months duration	TB + 2.6% aBMD LS + 4.3% aBMD FS + 9.3% BMC FS + 9.1% vBMD
	Mckay et al., 2000	Girls & boys. White & Asian. Age 8.9±0.7yrs	Randomized by school Con = 81; Ex = 63	10 tuck jumps prior to class, 3 times/week Jumping, skipping, hopping 2 times/week 10-30mins/session; 8 months duration	GT + 4.4% aBMD
	Fuchs et al., 2001	Girls & boys. White. Age 7.5±0.2yrs	Randomized within school Con = 44; Ex = 45	100 two footed drop jumps off 61cm box; GRF = 8.8 bw; 3 times/week; 10mins/session; 7 months duration	LS + 2% aBMD FN + 1.4% aBMD LS + 3.1% BMC FN + 4.5% BMC
	Mackelvie et al., 2001	Girls. White & Asian. Age 10.1±0.5yrs	Randomized by school Con = 26; Ex = 44	50-100 jumps and circuit training GRF = 3.5-5 bw; 3 times/week; 10-12mins/session; 7 months duration	NS
	Mackelvie et al., 2002	Boys.White & Asian. Age 10.3±0.6yrs	Randomized by school Con = 60; Ex = 61	50-100 jumps and circuit training GRF = 3.5-5 bw; 3 times/week; 10mins/session; 7 months duration	PF + 1.6% aBMD TB + 1.6% BMC
	Petit et al., 2002	Girls. White & Asian. Age 10.0±0.6yrs	Randomized by school Con = 25; Ex = 43	50-100 jumps and circuit training GRF = 3.5-5 bw; 3 times/week; 10mins/session; 7 months duration	NS
	Van Langendonck et al., 2003	Girls. Age 8.7±0.7yrs	Twin study Con = 21; Ex = 21	Hopping and jumping exercises; 3 times/week; 10mins/session; 9 months duration	PF + 2.5% BMC
	Mackelvie et al., 2004	Boys. White & Asian. Age 10.2±0.5yrs	Randomized by school Con = 33; Ex = 31	50-100 jumps and circuit training GRF = 3.5-5 bw; 3 times/week;12mins/session; 20 months duration	FN + 4.3% BMC
	Laing et al., 2005	Girls. White, Asian & black. Age 6.0±1.6yrs.	No randomization Con = 78; Ex = 65	Recreational gymnastics; 1 hour/week; 24 months duration	LS+11.6% aBMD
	Linden et al., 2006	Girls. Age 7.8±0.6yrs	No randomization Con = 50; Ex = 49	PE- Ball games, running and jumping; 200mins/week; 2 years duration	TB + 0.6% aBMD LS + 1.2% aBMD LS + 3.8% BMC
	Valdimarsson et al., 2006	Girls. Age 7.8±0.6yrs	No randomization Con = 50; Ex = 53	PE- Ball games, running and jumping; 5 times/week; 40mins/session; 1 year duration	LS + 2.8% aBMD LS + 4.7% BMC
Pubertal and adolescent	Blimkie et al., 1996	Girls. Age 16.2±0.2yrs	Randomized within school Con = 16; Ex = 16	Resistance training, hydraulic machines; 13 exercises x 4 sets; 10-12 reps; 3 times/week; 6.5 months duration	NS
	Morris et al., 1997	Girls. Age 9.5±0.9yrs	No randomization Con = 33; Ex = 38	After school clubs of aerobics, step aerobics, soccer, dance, ball games and weight training; 3 times/week; 30mins/session; 10 months duration	TB +3.5% aBMD LS+4.8% aBMD PF + 4.5% aBMD FN + 12% aBMD PF + 4.5% aBMD TB + 12% BMC LS + 7% BMC FN + 10.4% BMC PF + 11.9% BMC
	Witzke and Snow 2000	Girls. White. Age 14.6±0.5yrs	No randomization Con = 28; Ex = 25	Resistance training and plyometrics; 3 times/week; 30-45mins/session; 9 months duration	NS
	Mackelvie et al., 2001	Girls. White & Asian. Age 11.0±0.9yrs	Randomised by school Con = 64; Ex = 43	50-100 jumps and circuit training GRF = 3.5-5 bw; 3 times/week; 10-12mins/session; 7 months duration	LS + 8.2% aBMD FN + 6.7% aBMD LS 16.5% BMC FN + 11.3% BMC FN + 3.6% vBMD
	Nichols et al., 2001	Girls. Age 15.9±0.1yrs	Group randomized Con = 21; Ex = 46	15 resistance exercises; 3 times/week; 30-45mins/session; 15 months duration	FN + 2.3% aBMD
	Kontulainen et al., 2002	Girls. Age 12.8±1.5yrs	Group randomised Con = 49; Ex = 50	Step aerobic and jumping program; 2 times/week; 50mins/sessions; 20 months duration.	LS + 4.9% BMC
	Petit et al., 2002	Girls. White & Asian. Age 10.5±0.6yrs	Randomized by school Con = 63;Ex = 43	5 diverse jumping exercises GRF = 3.5-5 bw; 3 times/week; 10mins/session; 7 months duration	FN + 2.6% aBMD IR + 1.7% aBMD
	Iuliano-Burns et al., 2003	Girls. White & Asian Age 8.8±0.1yrs	Randomized by group 4 groups of 16	Moderate impact skipping, hopping and jumping GRF = 2-4 bw; 3 times/week; 20mins/session; 8.5 months duration	FN + 7.1% BMC
	Mackelvie et al., 2003	Girls. White & Asian. Age 9.9±0.6yrs	Randomized by school Con = 43;Ex = 32	100 jumps and circuit training GRF = 3.5-5 bw; 3 times/week; 10mins/session; 20 months duration	LS + 41.7% BMC FN + 24.8% BMC
	Stear et al., 2003	Girls. White. Age 17.3±0.3yrs	Randomized by group Con = 66; Ex = 65	Exercise to music; 3 times/week; 45 mins/session; 15.5 months duration	TB + 0.8% BMC LS + 1.9% BMC FN + 2.2% BMC HIP + 2.7% BMC TR + 4.8% BMC
	Mckay et al., 2005	Girls and boys. White & Asian. Age 10.1±0.5yrs	Randomized by school Con = 71;Ex = 51	Bounce at the Bell; 10 CMJ GRF = 5 bw; times/day; 3mins/session; 8 months duration	PF + 2.0% BMC TR + 27% BMC
	Matthews et al., 2006	Girls. White & Asian. Age 8-11 yrs	Randomized by school Con = 61;Ex = 82	Ballet dancing; 4.5 hours/week to 7.0/hours week; 3 years duration	TB + 1% BMC LS + 0.6% BMC FN + 4% BMC
Multiple maturity groups	Bailey et al., 1999	Girls and boys. Age 8–14yrs	53 girls; 60 boys	Daily physical activity measured via questionnaire; 6 years duration	Active boys had 9% and girls 17% > TB BMC
	Heinonen et al., 2000	Girls. White. Age 13.7±0.9yrs	No randomization Con = 33;Ex = 25 Con = 29;Ex = 39	100-220 jumps, one and two footed from 30cm; 2 times/week; 20mins/sessions; 9 months duration	LS +8.6% BMC FN + 9.3% BMC
	Sundberg et al., 2001	Girls and boys. Age 16.0±0.3yrs	Randomized by school Con =148;Ex = 80	Weight loaded activities such as running, jumping, gymnastics; 4 x 40mins/week PE in school; 4 years duration	TB +3% aBMD LS + 3% aBMD FN + 9% aBMD TB + 4% BMC LS + 9% BMC FN + 8% BMC

* % gained over exercise intervention in exercise group (after any statistical adjustments). Only significant results reported. Age reported as mean ± SD. Abbreviations: aBMD – areal bone mineral density; ANCOVA – Analysis of covariance; ANOVA – Analysis of Variance; BMC – Bone mineral content; bw – Body weight; CMJ – Counter movement jump; Con = Controls; Ex = Exercise; FN – Femoral neck; FS – Femoral shaft; GRF – Ground reaction force; GT – Greater trochanter; IT – Intertrochanteric region; LS – Lumbar spine; NS – Non significant findings; PE – Physical education; PF – Proximal femur; reps – repetitions; TB – Total body; TR – Trochanter; vBMD – Volumetric bone mineral density.