Table 1. Anthropometrical, physiological and biomechanical parameters and their correlate with 100-m front crawl swimming performance in adolescent swimmers (n = 25). Data are means (± standard deviations, SD), minimal and maximal values, and partial correlation coefficients () with age as control variable.
| Variable |
Mean (SD) |
min |
max |
Partial correlation with 100-m time (rp) |
| Body height (cm) |
1.76 (.09) |
1.52 |
1.89 |
- .536 * |
| Body mass, BM (kg) |
63.3 (10.9) |
45.0 |
89.0 |
-.480 |
| Body mass index, BMI (kg·m-2) |
20.2 (2.2) |
15.6 |
24.9 |
-.247 |
| Body fat (%) |
12.8 (3.3) |
7.5 |
18.4 |
.061 |
| Total body fat mass, (kg) |
8.0 (2.2) |
4.1 |
11.6 |
-.174 |
| Fat-free mass, (kg) |
54.7 (9.6) |
39.0 |
77.4 |
-.506 |
| Bone mass, (kg) |
2.7 (.6) |
1.60 |
3.84 |
-.543 * |
| Total bone mineral density, (g·cm-2) |
1.12 (.10) |
.95 |
1.33 |
-.462 |
| Spine bone mineral density, (g·cm-2) |
1.06 (.15) |
.79 |
1.28 |
-.516 * |
| Arm span (cm) |
182.8 (11.5) |
152.5 |
200.5 |
-.557 * |
| Velocity, vs (m·s-2) |
1.34 (.14) |
1.01 |
1.57 |
-.938 * |
| Stroke length, SL (m·cycle-1) |
1.00 (.09) |
.84 |
1.22 |
-.506 |
| Stroke rate, SR (cycle·min) |
40.2 (2.9) |
35.0 |
46.0 |
-.785 * |
| Stroke index, SI (m2·sec-1·cycle-1) |
1.35 (.24) |
.85 |
1.83 |
-.643 *1 |
| VO2peak (L·min-1) |
3.51 (.82) |
2.31 |
5.72 |
-.398 |
| VO2peak (ml·min-1·kg-1) |
55.2 (5.9) |
44.4 |
70.6 |
-.017 |
| ΔVO2 (L·min-1) |
3.02 (.79) |
1.86 |
5.31 |
-.322 |
| La3 (mmol·L-1) |
6.40 (2.81) |
2.64 |
14.20 |
-.525 * |
| La5 (mmol·L-1) |
6.58 (3.03) |
2.65 |
14.20 |
-.574 * |
| Blood lactate accumulation, ∆La (mmol·L-1) |
4.9 (3.0) |
0.61 |
12.6 |
-.598 * |
| Energy cost of swimming, Cs (kJ·m-1) |
3.99 (1.78) |
1.31 |
8.50 |
-.544 * |
| Tanner sexual maturation stage (1-5) |
3.9 (1.02) |
2 |
5 |
-.285 |
* Statistically significant correlation (p ≤ .05); controlled also for swimming velocity
