Table 1 Tennis forehand kinematics (mean ± SD) of elite and high performance players in the cross court (Cross) and down the line (DL) situation.
|
Elite (n=6) |
High Performance (n=7) |
| Variable |
Cross |
Dl |
Mean |
Cross |
DL |
Mean |
| Maximum angular displacement (°) |
| Shoulder alignment (°) |
195.9 (10.8) |
195.8 (10.2) |
195.8 (10.0) |
194.5 (8.4) |
197.5 (8.7) |
196.0 (8.4) |
| Hip alignment (°) |
170.4 (9.4) |
174.7 (10.4) # |
172.6 (9.7) |
164.1 (9.3) |
171.1 (7.2) # |
167.6 (8.8) |
| Racquet angle (°) |
193.5 (24.5) |
197.5 (22.6) # |
195.5 (22.6) |
188.0 (17.3) |
195.8 (17.8) #† |
191.9 (17.4) |
| Wrist extension (°) |
89.6 (11.3) |
87.7 (10.0) |
88.7 (10.2) |
84.6 (7.1) |
84.4 (9.4) |
84.5 (7.8) |
| Separation angle (°) |
-28.7 (9.5) # |
-25.4 (8.9) |
-27.0 (8.9) |
-34.7 (10.1) # |
-31.2 (9.9) |
-33.0 (9.8) |
| Maximum velocity (m·s-1) |
| Hip (m·s-1) |
1.4 (0.1) |
1.5 (0.3) |
1.5 (0.2) |
1.4 (0.4) |
1.4 (0.2) |
1.4 (0.3) |
| Shoulder (m·s-1) |
3.1 (0.5) |
3.0 (0.3) |
3.0 (0.4) * |
2.6 (0.4) |
2.4 (0.3) |
2.5 (0.4) |
| Elbow (m·s-1) |
6.3 (0.6) |
6.2 (0.6) |
6.3 (0.6) |
6.0 (0.5) |
5.7 (0.5) |
5.9 (0.5) |
| Wrist (m·s-1) |
11.1 (0.7) |
10.9 (0.9) |
11.0 (0.8) |
10.5 (0.8) |
10.0 (1.1) |
10.3 (1.0) |
| Racquet head-horizontal (m·s-1) |
34.4 (2.3) # |
31.7 (1.7) |
33.1 (2.4) * |
32.5 (0.9) # |
29.7 (1.4) |
31.1 (1.9) |
| Racquet head-vertical (m·s-1) |
18.3 (2.4) |
19.2 (2.9) † |
18.7 (2.6) |
19.3 (1.2) |
19.0 (1.6) |
19.2 (1.3) |
| Maximum angular velocity (°/s) |
| Shoulder int.rot. (°/s) |
825 (53) |
762 (100) |
793.7 (83.0) |
803 (233) |
780 (220) |
791.4 (218.1) |
| Elbow extension (°/s) |
279 (102) |
276 (99) |
277.5 (95.9) |
319 (42) |
306 (58) |
312.5 (49.0) |
| Trunk rot. (°/s) |
757 (45) |
733 (112) |
745.0 (82.1) |
748 (68) |
708 (75) |
728.0 (71.7) |
| Pelvis rot. (°/s) |
547 (36) # |
534 (47) |
540.5 (40.5) |
521 (63) # |
490 (64) |
505.2 (63.2) |
| Rear leg extension (°/s) |
-237 (66) |
-223 (63) |
-230.2 (61.7) |
-291 (107) |
-250 (71) |
-270.3 (89.7) |
* Elite group tends to be different from High Performance group: shoulder (F = 8.454, = 0.014, = 0.435), and racquet head (F = 5.371, = 0.041, = 0.328).# Main shot effect: hip alignment (F= 26.912, = 0.000, η2 = 0.710), racquet angle (F = 47.583, = 0.000, η2 = 0.812), separation angle (F = 28.916, = 0.000, = 0.724), racquet head velocity (F = 68.203, = 0.000, η2 = 0.861); tendency: pelvis rotation (F = 5.982, = 0.032, = 0.352).† Interaction effect tendency with Racquet angle of High Performance DL different to Cross (F = 5.041, = 0.046, = 0.314) and with racquet head vertical velocity of Elite DL different to Cross (F = 4.934, = 0.048, = 0.310).
