Table 1 Effects of circadian rhythm on physical performance.

Attributes	Mode of Experiment	Study	Summary
Aerobic	Swimming	Arnett (2001) c,t Arnett (2002) a,t Martin and Thompson (2000) a,t	These studies have demonstrated an increased physical performance capability and VO2max in the later part of the day. The increase in physical performance was also highly correlated to body temperature, which was also found to be consistently higher later during the day.
	Cycling	Atkinson et al. (2005) a,t Edwards et al. (2005) a,t Reilly and Garrett (1998) a,ut
Anaerobic/ Strength/Power	Swimming	Kline et al. (2007) a,t Martin et al. (2007) a,t	Anaerobic fitness, strength and power have shown to be significantly higher during the day. Although increases in physical performance are correlated to the increase in body temperature, these studies have also shown an increase in neural drive and better coordination between agonist-antagonist contractions. Specific time-of-day training may help improve physical performance at the particular time, however, better performance was still observed later during the day.
	Cycling/Wingate	Bernard et al. (1998) a,ut Bessotet al. (2007)a,t Bessot et al. (2006)a,t Giacomoni et al. (2006)a,ut Hill et al. (1992)a,ut Moussay et al. (2003)a,t Reilly and Down (1992)a,ut Souissi et al. (2002) c,ut Souissi et al. (2007)a,ut
	Resistance/Plyometrics	Bird and Tarpenning (2004) a,t Häkkinen et al. (1988)a,t Kraemer et al. (2001)a,t Pereira et al. (2011)a,ut Sedliak et al. (2008)a,ut Sedliak et al. (2008)c,ut Sedliak et al. (2007)c,ut Taylor et al. (2011)a,t Teo et al. (2011)a,t
Agility/Coordination	Soccer	Reilly et al. (2007)a,t	A consistent finding in racquet sport was an increase in serve shot velocity and handgrip on the racquet, however, serve accuracy was not consistent with time-of-day variation. Soccer specific skills were more consistent with time-of-day variation, showing increased ability to dribble and more accurate shots later in the day.
	Racquet Sport	Atkinson and Speirs (1998)a,t Edwards et al. (2005)a,t
Psycho-social	Time-of-day preference	Brown et al. (2008)a,t Hill et al. (1998)a,ut	Although studies are limit, the results demonstrate better performance in physical activity during the time of an individual’s chronotypological preference (ie. Morning chronotypes perform better in the earlier part of the day).

acute = < 4 weeks protocol chronic = > 8 weeks protocol trained subjects = > 12 months training experience untrained subjects = < 12 months training experience