Changes in Quadriceps Muscle Activity During Sustained Recreational Alpine Skiing

Table 1. Probabilities from the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) for the angle θ˜ and the analysis of variance (ANOVA) for the PC I loading score. The direction of changes is depicted by the arrows (â†“=decrease; â†‘=increase)

	Angle θ˜				PC1 Loading
	VL		RF		VL		RF
	Inside Leg	Outside Leg	Inside Leg	Outside Leg	Inside Leg	Outside Leg	Inside Leg	Outside Leg
n	520	591	542	570	520	591	542	570
Subject
p value	.000	.000	.000	.000	.000	.000	.000	.000
effect size _pη²	0.811	0.808	0.45	0.826	0.374	0.323	0.149	0.472
PRE to POST
p value	.000	.000	.001	.000				.037
increase / decrease	â†‘	â†‘	â†‘	â†‘				â†‘
effect size _pη²	0.041	0.055	0.023	0.118				0.008
Post Hoc: PRE to POST
TOP
p value	.000	.000		.000	.035		.024
increase / decrease	â†‘	â†‘		â†‘	â†“		â†“
effect size _pη²	0.076	0.064		0,196	0.019		0.022
END
p value	.066 ^(t)	.000	.001	.000		.001		.000
increase / decrease	â†‘	â†‘	â†‘	â†‘		â†‘		â†‘
effect size _pη²	0.013	0.054	0.039	0.099		0.031		0.104