Table 1. Factor validity of the knowledge on doping questionnaire (F – factor structure; FV – factor variance; PT – proportion of the explained variance).
F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6
Caffeine is considered to be doping if its concentration in urine exceeds a certain level. .21 .25 .26 .55 .11 .02
Erythropoietin (EPO) is a doping substance used in strength-and-power sports (e.g., weightlifting). .38 –.47 .12 .64 .34 .16
If sample A is positive for doping, an athlete is entitled to ask for the sampling of another one within 48 hours. .82 .10 .11 –.25 –.32 .11
Doping control officers should notify athletes of their testing intentions a few hours prior to any testing. .87 .00 .02 .01 –.24 –.08
If an athlete has an out-of-competition doping control, four weeks should elapse before the next doping control. .11 .87 –.20 –.04 –.08 –.24
If a doping control officer does not provide valid proof of identity an athlete can refuse to participate in the testing. .33 .76 .17 –.25 –.13 –.32
Anabolic steroids used during puberty have neither positive nor negative effects. .25 .05 .51 .09 .02 .08
The use of human growth hormone is related to azoospermia. –.07 .07 .04 .07 .05 –.89
In the case of asthma. I can use some drugs which are regularly included in the doping-list. .68 .24 –.33 .07 .27 –.18
A “masking agent” is someone who helps an athlete hide their use of doping and is therefore equally responsible for doping offenses. .69 .01 –.06 –.16 –.88 .12
EPO is detected in blood samples. .35 .14 .12 .88 .04 .19
A person caught with material evidence of EPO (for example. ampules containing EPO) can be charged as a doping-offender. .25 .17 .27 .66 .09 .23
The use of amphetamines has been related to several cases of death in cycling due to cardiovascular failure. .11 –.04 –.15 –.05 .71 –.03
The use of amphetamines by women is related to male-like body appearance changes. .28 –.30 .07 –.30 .50 .23
The use of EPO is also known as “blood doping”. –.16 .28 .51 .35 .14 .06
Synthetic testosterone increases the quantity of erythrocytes and is therefore common in endurance sports. –.29 .08 .69 .11 .25 .07
Synthetic testosterone use inhibits the production of natural (endogen) testosterone. .20 .24 .89 .02 –.09 .17
When an athlete reports undergoing official medical treatment they cannot be tested for doping. .14 .14 –.27 –.47 .76 –.32
FV 3.19 1.99 2.26 1.87 2.60 1.33
PT .18 .11 .13 .14 .14 .07