Table 1. Summary of studies of criterion-related validity of sit-and-reach tests for estimating hamstring and lumbar extensibility.

Reference	Sample	n	Age (yrs)	Test	Hamstring extensibility			Lumbar extensibility
					Criter	♂ (r)	♀ (r)	Criter	♂ (r)	♀ (r)
Ayala et al. (2011)	Professional futsal players	♂=55 ♀=48	26.0 (4.5) 23.0 (5.3)	CSR MSR BSSR	PSLR PSLR PSLR	.62* .76* .47	.93* .73* .91*
Ayala et al. (2012)	Recreationally active university students	♂=156 ♀=87	21.3 (2.5) 20.7 (1.6)	CSR	PSLR	.79*
Baker (1985)	High and Middle school students	♀=100	14.1 (.8)	CSR	PSLR		.64*	MWM		.28*
Baltaci et al.(2003)	University students	♀=102	22.0 (1.0)	CSR BSSR CHSR	PSLR PSLR PSLR		.63*-.53* .37*-.44* .22*-.16
Book (1989)	Public and private schools students	♂=203 ♀=255	9-18	CSR	PSLR	.65*	.81*	MWM	.33*	.30*
Bozic et al. (2010)	Physically active sport and PE white students	♂=84	21.3 (2.6)	CSR	PSLR	.63*
Castro-Piñeroet al. (2009b)	Caucasian children and adolescents	♂=29 ♀=27 ♂=16 ♀=15	6-12 13-17	CSR MSR CSR MSR	PSLR PSLR PSLR PSLR	.38* .34* .38* .26
Chung and Yuen (1999)	University students	♂=52	20.7 (1.3)	CSR MSR	PSLR PSLR	.77* .71*		MWM MWM	.23 .24
Davis et al. (2008)	University students	♂=42 ♀=39	23.6 (4.1) 24.1 (4.3)	CSR CSR	PSLR PKE	.65* .57*
García (1995)	High school students	♂=54 ♀=55	15-18	CSR CSR	PSLR AKE	.64* .63*	.67* .61*	MWM	.32*	.28*
Hartman and Looney (2003)	Schoolchildren	♂=85 ♀=88	6-12	CSR CSR BSSR BSSR	PSLR AKE PSLR AKE	.67*-.66* .40*-.40* .69*-.67* .50*-.47*	.47*-.49* .52*-.54* .42*-.48* .54*-.57*	MWM SIM MWM SIM	.05 .29* .00-.07 .26*-.28*	.07 .16 .06-.06 .10-.10
Hui et al. (1999)	University students	♂=62 ♀=96	21.1 (3.1) 20.6 (2.1)	CSR MSR BSSR MBSSR VSR MVSR	PSLR PSLR PSLR PSLR PSLR PSLR	.48*-.47* .45*-.45* .46*-.44* .44*-.45* .58*-.63* .57*-.62*	.46*-.53* .41*-.47* .39*-.50* .35*-.47* .44*-.52* .46*-.51*	MWM MWM MWM MWM MWM MWM	.27* .24 .24-.27* .17-.20 .42* .38*	.24* .22* .18-.15 .22*-.22* .24* .28*
Hui and Yuen (2000)	University students	♂=62 ♀=96	21.1 (3.1) 20.6 (2.1)	CSR BSSR VSR USR	PSLR PSLR PSLR PSLR	.48*-.47* .46*-.44* .58*-.63* .61*-.67*	.46*-.53* .39*-.50* .44*-.52* .50*-.54*	MWM MWM MWM MWM	.27* .24-.27* .42* .47*-.47*	.24* .18-.15 .24* .26*-.23*
Jackson and Baker (1986)	School PE students	♀=100	14.1 (.8)	CSR	PSLR		.64*	MWM		.28*
Jackson and Langford (1989)	?	♂=52 ♀=52	20-45	CSR	PSLR	.89*	.70*	MWM	.59*	.12
Jones et al. (1998)	Exercise classes at a retirement community	♂=32 ♀=48	74.5 (5.7) 74.0 (6.7)	CSR BSSR CHSR	PSLR PSLR PSLR	.74* .70* .76*	.71* .71* .81*
Kanbur et al. (2005)	Non-prepubertal/ non-regularly exercised boys	♂=69	13-14	CSR	PSLR	.64*-.65*
Langford (1987)	?	♂=52 ♀=52	20-45	CSR	PSLR	.89*	.70*	MWM	.60*	.12
Lemmink et al. (2003)	Independently living people over 55	♂=49 ♀=71	67.7 (7.5) 65.6 (8.6)	CSR MSR	PSLR PSLR	.74* .54*	.57* .57*	AAOS AAOS	.13 .21	.31* .26*
Liemohn et al. (1994)	University students	♂=20 ♀=20	24.0 (4.6) 25.1 (6.3)	CSR BSSR	PSLR PSLR	.72* .76*	.70* .70*	SIM SIM	.29 .32	.40 .38
López-Miñarro et al. (2008)	University students	♂=102 ♀=96	22.9 (3.2) 23.2 (4.5)	CSR VSR	PSLR PSLR	.56*-.59* .53*-.55*	.72*-.74* .63*-.65*	SIM SIM	.32* .33*	.14 .29*
López Miñarro et al. (2008a)	Canoeists	♂=44 ♀=22	13.3 (.6)	CSR	PSLR	.77*-.73*	.74*-.81*
López Miñarro et al. (2008b)	Canoeists	?=66	13.3 (.6)	CSR	PSLR	.70*-.68*
López Miñarro etal. (2008c)	?	♂=120 ♀=100	22.8 (3.1) 23.1 (4.6)	CSR BSSR USR	PSLR PSLR PSLR	.56*-.59* .51*-.50* .54*-.58*	.72*-.74* .68*-.68* .73*-.75*
López-Miñarro et al. (2009)	University students	♂=76 ♀=67	23.5 (4.0) 23.9 (5.4)	CSR BSSR	PSLR PSLR	.56*-.59* .53*-.51*	.75*-.73* .70*-.66*
López-Miñarro et al. (2010a)	?	♂=73 ♀=71	23.0 (3.5) 23.1 (4.3)	CSR MSR	PSLR PSLR	.44*-.48* .28*-.32*	.75*-.73* .63*-.64*
López-Miñarro et al. (2010b)	University students	♂=130 ♀=110	22.9 (3.2) 23.2 (4.5)	CSR MSR BSSR VSR	PSLR PSLR PSLR PSLR	.56*-.59* .41*-.45* .51*-.49* .53*-.55*	.72*-.74* .62*-.63* .68*-.68* .63*-.65*
López-Miñarro and Rodríguez-García (2010c)	Recreationally active university students: Low and normal flexibility	♂=120 ♂=120	22.9 (3.6)	CSR CSR	PSLR PSLR	.31*-.41* .61*-.55*
López-Miñarro et al. (2011)	Older women: Low, moderate and high flexibility	♀=36 ♀=35 ♀=35	65.3 (9.1)	CSR	PSLR		.43*-.41* .54*-.57* .73*-.70*
López-Miñarro et al. (2012)	Canoeists Kayakers	♂=51 ♂=60	17.5 (6.3)	CSR	PSLR	.67*-.66* .59*-.59*
Mier (2011)	Physically active adults	♂=30 ♀=30	25.0 (9.3) 23.7 (7.9)	CSR CSR	PSLR PSLR	.64*/.66*	.79*/.81*
Minkler and Patterson (1994)	Regular PE activity classes practitioners (mainly Caucasians)	♂=48 ♀=51	24.3 (4.7) 21.5 (3.8)	MSR	PSLR	.75*	.66*	MWM	.40*	.25
Miyazaki et al. (2010)	Community-dwelling elderly	♂=42 ♀=119	72.6 (6.9)	CSR	PSLR	.60*		SMM	.18
Orloff (1988)	Gymnasium practitioners	♂=47 ♀=28	19-54	CSR	ASLR	.52*
Patterson et al. (1996)	Middle school students (various ethnic origins)	♂=40 ♀=44	13.0 (.9) 12.7 (.8)	BSSR	PSLR	.72*-.68*	.51*-.52*	MWM	.15-.10	.17-.25
Rodríguez-García et al. (2008)	Fit sports activities practitioners	♂=125 ♀=118	22.9 (3.2) 23.2 (4.5)	CSR	PSLR	.56*-.59*	.72*-.74*	SIM	.32*	.14
Simoneau (1998)	Physically active university students	♀=34	20.3 (.9)	CSR	PSLR		.78*	MWM		.26
Yuen and Hui (1998)	University students	♂=19 ♀=36	?	CSR MSR BSSR MBSSR VSR MVSR	PSLR PSLR PSLR PSLR PSLR PSLR	.52*-.57* .49*-.55* .46*-.44* .39*-.52* .54*-.60* .58*-.61*		MWM MWM MWM MWM MWM MWM	.18 .27 .16-.12 .21-.17 .19 .25

This table includes all studies that met selection criteria, however, full or partial information was not included in the meta-analysis (in bold) due to duplication issues; ♂, males; ♀, females; ?, information unavailable; Criter: Criterion, CSR, Classic sit-and-reach test; MSR, Modified sit-and-reach test; BSSR, Back-saver sit-and-reach test; MBSSR, Modified back-saver sit-and-reach test; VSR, V sit-and-reach test; MVSR, Modified v sit-and-reach test; USR, Unilateral sit-and-reach test; CHSR, Chair sit-and-reach test; PSLR, Passive straight leg raise test; ASLR, Active straight leg raise test; PKE, Passive knee extension test; AKE, Active knee extension test; SMM, Spinal Mouse method; SIM, Single Inclinometer method; MWM, Macrae & Wright method; AAOSM, American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons method;, Pearson´s for the left and right leg, respectively.* Pearson´s statistically significant at < 0.05.