Variables | Total (n = 412) |
Men (n = 108) |
Women (n = 304) |
p value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 73.4 ± 5.6 | 74.4 ± 6.0 | 73.1 ± 5.4 | .038 | |
Education (years) | |||||
0 | 31 (7.5%) | 4 (3.7%) | 27 (8.9%) | .997 | |
1–6 | 160 (38.8%) | 18 (16.7%) | 142 (46.7%) | .632 | |
>7 | 221 (53.6%) | 86 (79.6%) | 135 (44.4%) | <.001 | |
Smoking status |
|||||
Never | 317 (76.9%) | 35 (32.4%) | 282 (92.8%) | <.001 | |
Current | 53 (12.9%) | 43 (39.8%) | 10 (3.3%) | .032 | |
Former | 42 (10.2%) | 30 (27.8%) | 12 (3.9%) | .021 | |
Prevalence of chronic disease |
|||||
Hypertension | 118 | 32 | 86 | .093 | |
Diabetes mellitus | 47 | 15 | 32 | .966 | |
Heart | 26 | 6 | 20 | .293 | |
Dyslipidemia | 51 | 9 | 42 | .012 | |
Fall | 45 | 8 | 37 | .972 | |
MMSE | 25.8 ± 3.1 | 26.8 ± 2.5 | 25.5 ± 3.2 | <.001 | |
GDS | 4.2 ± 3.8 | 3.9 ± 3.9 | 4.3 ± 3.7 | .440 | |
Body mass index (kg·m-2) | 24.5 ± 3.0 | 23.6 ± 2.6 | 24.7 ± 3.1 | .001 | |
Body fat (%) | 31.4 ± 6.5 | 23.3 ± 4.9 | 34.3 ± 4.2 | <.001 | |
Vitamin D (ng·mL-1) | 20.1 ± 9.4 | 20.7 ± 8.3 | 29.9 ± 9.6 | .702 | |
Arm curl (no. of reps) | 20.0 ± 5.3 | 21.9 ± 6.2 | 19.4 ± 4.8 | <.001 | |
Chair stand up for 30s (no. of stands) | 16.1 ± 4.7 | 17.8 ± 5.3 | 15.4 ± 4.8 | <.001 | |
Back scratch (cm) | -11.3 ± 14.2 | -18.4 ± 15.2 | -8.8 ± 12.8 | <.01 | |
Chair-sit-and-reach (cm) | 8.7 ± 12.6 | 7.1 ± 13.5 | 9.3 ± 12.2 | .129 | |
Eight-foot-up-and-go (s) | 6.0 ± 1.8 | 5.2 ± 1.3 | 6.2 ± 1.8 | <.001 | |
The 6-min walk (m) | 92.8 ± 27.1 | 97.3 ± 18.9 | 91.1 ± 29.3 | .045 |