Table 1. Average segmental contribution to the joint force in acceleration phase (N). Data are means (±SD).
|
Movement (+/-) |
Advanced |
Intermediate |
| Open |
Square |
Open |
Square |
|
Peak values |
| Shoulder |
back/fore |
-11.63 (4.55) |
-9.62 (4.44) |
-10.84 (7.27) |
-19.78 (6.47) |
| right/left |
25.95 (4.13) |
29.81 (3.60) |
35.03 (8.83) |
37.47 (5.05) |
| up/down |
33.98 (1.99) |
29.81 (2.67) |
35.42 (5.47) |
33.27 (2.37) |
| Elbow |
back/fore |
6.64 (2.50) |
4.27 (.79) |
13.74 (3.27) |
12.94 (2.95) |
| right/left |
5.82 (2.06) |
4.32 (1.82) |
3.07 (2.64) |
9.88 (3.78) |
| up/down |
22.72 (1.65) |
25.49 (4.02) |
33.13 (8.09) |
31.58 (4.30) |
| Wrist |
back/fore |
9.52 (2.37) |
8.76 (1.04) |
16.99 (3.67) |
19.58 (3.34) |
| right/left |
-10.10 (2.23) |
-10.35 (2.45) |
-12.13 (5.77) |
-15.60 (4.22) |
| up/down |
17.92 (1.02) |
19.88 (3.53) |
24.65 (5.82) |
26.41 (5.01) |
|
Variations |
| Shoulder |
back/fore |
21.13 (14.72) |
25.33 (15.75) |
31.98 (13.21) |
25.18 (6.45) |
| right/left |
16.42 (7.62) |
14.67 (3.64) |
24.03 (9.35) |
20.66 (14.83) |
| up/down |
11.25 (6.23) |
16.26 (13.38) |
15.67 (6.49) |
16.42 (8.84) |
| Elbow |
back/fore |
9.68 (6.32) |
7.47 (4.20) |
11.37 (4.21) |
10.97 (7.48) |
| right/left |
11.85 (10.99) |
15.78 (7.91) |
24.68 (7.84) |
19.97 (8.33) |
| up/down |
11.63 (6.83) |
12.15 (3.34) |
18.48 (4.75) |
16.58 (14.08) |
| Wrist |
back/fore |
8.47 (5.06) |
6.50 (3.70) |
10.06 (5.18) |
11.34 (7.56) |
| right/left |
11.37 (3.28) |
7.92 (1.94) |
9.33 (4.96) |
11.76 (5.47) |
| up/down * |
13.55 (7.18) |
14.04 (6.66) |
22.45 (4.14) |
20.86 (6.36) |
* p < 0.05 (Intermediate > Advanced).
