Table 1. Walking measures. Data are means (± SD).
Speed Walking -60 -40 -20 SSWS +20 +40 +60
Velocity
(m·s-1)
Normal .51 (.07) .76 (.06) 1.02 (.08) 1.27 (.12) 1.52 (.17) 1.76 (.15) 2.00 (.12)
Constrained .40 (.06) .61 (.12) .84 (.13) 1.03 (.16) 1.23 (.20) 1.46 (.22) 1.66 (.28)
Fr
(=v2/√gh)
Normal .03 (.01) .06 (.01) .11 (.02) .17 (.04) .25 (.06) .34 (.06) .43 (.05)
Constrained .02 (.01) .04 (.01) .08 (.02) .12 (.03) .16 (.04) .23 (.06) .30 (.09)
Energy Cost
(J·kg-1·m-1)
Normal 5.59 (1.02) 4.12 (.54) 3.44 (.53) 3.20 (.42) 3.15 (.34) 3.41 (.39) 4.01 (.55)
Constrained 7.20 (.82) 5.51 (.98) 4.55 (.72) 4.37 (.57) 4.05 (.40) 3.85 (.24) 3.99 (.31)
CR10 Normal .04 (.14) .15 (.24) .50 (.58) .92 (.67) 1.77 (.83) 2.35 (.83) 3.62 (1.14)
Constrained .19 (.37) .56 (.62) .81 (.65) 1.50 (.85) 2.00 (.85) 2.75 (1.07) 4.06 (.82)
CHO Oxidation
Rate (J·kg-1·m-1)
Normal .56 (.41) .54 (.40) .76 (.42) .81 (.50) .96 (.65) 1.65 (1.08) 2.64 (1.60)
Constrained .73 (.56) .81 (.57) .97 (.90) 1.21 (.74) 1.19 (.68) 1.37 (.79) 2.00 (1.22)
Fr: Froude Number =v/√ghm, CR10: Rating of Perceived Exertion; CHO: Carbohydrate