Table 1. Muscle oxygenation at baseline, and changes during time trials and recovery. Values are means (±SE).
|
IPC |
NMES |
AR |
| [HHb], μm |
[THb], μm |
TSI, % |
[HHb], μm |
[THb], μm |
TSI, % |
[HHb], μm |
[THb], μm |
TSI, % |
| BSTT1 |
29.5 (1.4)‡ |
78.7 (3.2) |
70.4 (2.3) |
30.4 (1.5) |
79.4 (3.7) |
74.5 (3.3) |
31.1 (1.6) |
79.7 (4.2) |
68.4 (2.5) |
| BSTT2 |
30.2 (1.4) |
89.2 (3.7) |
78.1 (1.9) |
30.5 (1.6) |
91.4 (4.3) |
76.5 (1.2) |
30.4 (1.5) |
91.1 (4.4) |
77.3 (0.9) |
|
Muscle oxygenation changes during exercise and recovery (Δ) |
| %AO |
μm |
% |
%AO |
μm |
% |
%AO |
μm |
% |
| TT1 |
101(3)‡ |
10.3 (1.4) |
23.4 (2.5)† |
96(7) |
9.4 (1.8) |
27.1 (2.3) |
96(5) |
9.0 (1.7) |
24.3 (3.0) |
| R30 |
63.9 (5.4) |
18.4 (2.4) |
2.3 (3.4)† |
65.4 (7.0) |
18.3 (2.3) |
8.7 (4.0) |
59.0 (7.2) |
17.0 (2.4) |
3.4 (3.7) |
| R60 |
38.6 (4.1)‡ |
20.1 (2.4) |
-5.7 (3.0) |
37.3 (5.2)† |
21.4 (1.4) |
-1.0 (3.1) |
29.9 (5.6) |
18.2 (2.5) |
-5.9 (3.0) |
| R90 |
30.3 (3.9)†‡ |
21.1 (2.1) |
-7.9 (2.5)† |
23.8 (5.4) |
19.5 (2.1) |
-2.2 (2.7) |
19.8 (2.9) |
19.5 (1.7) |
-7.8 (2.6) |
| R120 |
26.5 (4.0)†‡ |
21.4 (2.3) |
-7.6 (2.7)† |
19.7 (5.6) |
19.7 (2.4) |
-3.3 (2.5) |
14.3 (3.3) |
19.5 (1.9) |
-8.8 (2.5) |
| TT2 |
103(4) |
13.3 (1.6) |
22.2 (3.3) |
102(9) |
12.9 (2.3) |
25.7 (2.8) |
98(4) |
13.7 (1.8) |
20.9 (2.8) |
| R30 |
67.1 (5.5) |
20.9 (2.7) |
3.2 (3.7) |
66.9 (8.4) |
22.9 (3.1) |
7.1 (3.2) |
59.5 (5.2) |
21.4 (2.4) |
1.8 (3.4) |
| R60 |
41.9 (4.8) |
25.3 (2.8) |
-5.8 (2.8) |
35.3 (5.5) |
24.5 (2.2) |
-1.2 (2.9) |
31.4 (5.1) |
23.7 (1.6) |
-7.0 (2.4) |
| R90 |
30.3 (3.7) |
24.4 (2.4) |
-8.2 (2.7) |
28.1 (5.9) |
26.0 (2.2) |
-2.9 (2.7) |
22.9 (3.6) |
23.9 (1.8) |
-8.6 (2.6) |
| R120 |
25.1 (3.6) |
23.3 (1.9) |
-8.6 (2.4) |
22.9 (5.2) |
24.4 (1.7) |
-3.0 (2.6) |
20.1 (4.8) |
24.2 (1.2) |
-8.5 (2.6) |
| % difference within conditions (TT2 compared to TT1) |
| ΔBS |
2.1%‡ |
13.3%** |
11.1%***† |
0.1% |
15.0%*** |
3.3% |
-2.0% |
14.6%*** |
13.6%*** |
| ΔTT |
2.0% |
33.8%* |
-9.0%*‡ |
5.5%* |
55.9%** |
-6.7% |
3.4% |
45.6%* |
-16.7%* |
| ΔR30 |
4.8% |
20.2%* |
34.4%† |
1.8% |
17.0% |
-20.2% |
3.6% |
22.3%* |
-59.5% |
| ΔR60 |
9.1%† |
31.2%**† |
-2.3% |
-11.2%* |
11.9%* |
-23.5% |
8.7% |
68.0% |
-17.5% |
| ΔR90 |
9.5%† |
15.5%*† |
-3.3% |
12.0% |
38.4%** |
-28.0% |
14.9%* |
23.3%* |
-10.3% |
| ΔR120 |
-15.3%*† |
13.1%*† |
-12.6% |
21.3%* |
31.6%** |
9.5% |
15.0% |
27.8%* |
2.9% |
Within-condition clear differences for changes (∆: TT2 compared to TT1) are denoted as small (0.20-0.49, *), moderate (0.50-0.79, **), or large (≥0.80, ***). Between-condition clear differences for the TT1 and recovery period and for changes are denoted for IPC vs. NMES († ) or IPC vs. AR (‡). For small, moderate or large effects, symbols are presented in italics, bold, or underlined, respectively. Abbreviations : AR, active recovery; BS, baseline preceding TT (BS
TT1, BS
TT2); ES, effect size; [HHb], deoxy-hemoglobin; IPC, ischemic preconditioning; NMES, neuromuscular electrical stimulation; R(30 to 120), values after 30 to 120 sec of recovery; [THb], total haemoglobin; TSI, tissue saturation index; TT, time trial.
