Table 1. The changes in the passive dorsiflexion range of motion (DF ROM), passive stiffness, passive torque at DF ROM, first stretch sensation, pain pressure threshold (PPT), shear elastic modulus of medial gastrocnemius muscle, and H/M ratio before (PRE) and after (POST) the 3-minute roller massage intervention in both male and female participants. Effect sizes (Cohen’s d for t tests and partial η
2 (ηp
2) for a split-plot 2x2 analysis of variance (ANOVA)) are listed in the second column for each parameter.
|
Male (N = 15) |
Female (N = 14) |
ANOVA results |
| PRE |
POST |
PRE |
POST |
Interaction effect |
Main effect for time |
| DF ROM (°) |
27.0 ± 11.7 |
30.9 ± 10.1* |
32.4 ± 5.5 |
37.4 ± 4.6** |
F = 0.17, p = 0.69 |
F = 29.5, p < 0.01 |
| d = 0.36 |
d = 0.94 |
ηp2 < 0.01 |
ηp2 = 0.513 |
| Passive stiffness (Nm/°) |
0.71 ± 0.21 |
0.70 ± 0.20 |
0.51 ± 0.15# |
0.53 ± 0.14 |
N/A |
N/A |
| d = 0.06 |
d = 0.13 |
N/A |
N/A |
| Passive torque at DF ROM (Nm) |
24.4 ± 12.3 |
28.5 ± 13.2* |
18.0 ± 7.8 |
23.0 ± 8.4** |
F < 0.01, p = 0.99 |
F=8.0, p < 0.01 |
| d = 0.32 |
d = 0.62 |
ηp2 < 0.01 |
ηp2 = 0.222 |
| First Stretch Sensation (°) |
12.8 ± 10.5 |
17.7 ± 10.6* |
19.6 ± 7.1 |
25.7 ± 5.7** |
F = 0.31, p = 0.86 |
F = 23.6, p < 0.01 |
| d = 0.47 |
d = 0.95 |
ηp2 < 0.01 |
ηp2 = 0.457 |
| PPT (kg) |
3.0 ± 1.1 |
3.6 ± 1.3** |
2.5 ± 0.9 |
3.0 ± 1.1** |
F = 0.12, p = 0.73 |
F = 23.3, p < 0.01 |
| d = 0.55 |
d = 0.54 |
ηp2 < 0.01 |
ηp2 = 0.455 |
| Shear elastic modulus (kPa) |
8.9 ± 1.1 |
9.5 ± 1.5 |
9.3 ± 1.8 |
9.9 ± 1.5 |
F = 0.06, p = 0.81 |
F = 3.6, p = 0.07 |
| d = 0.46 |
d = 0.39 |
ηp2 < 0.01 |
ηp2 = 0.113 |
| H/M ratio |
0.80 ± 0.29 |
0.76 ± 0.33 |
0.63 ± 0.30 |
0.57 ± 0.27 |
F = 1.07, p = 0.31 |
F = 1.70, p = 0.20 |
| d = 0.13 |
d = 0.20 |
ηp2 = 0.037 |
ηp2 = 0.202 |
#: p < 0.05: significant difference between male and female at PRE value**: P < 0.01: significant difference from the PRE value.*: p < 0.05,
