Table 1. Values at key kinematic and kinetic points during the volleyball spike. All values are average ± standard deviation.
|
Kinematic Values |
Contact Window Peak Kinetic Values |
| ROM [°] |
Shoulder Rotations at Ball Contact Phase [°] |
Max Torque During Ball Contact [N·m] |
Max Torque Excluding Ball Contact [N·m ] |
| Internal Rotation |
174 ± 36 |
-83 ± 28 |
44.0 ± 30.5 |
-25.5 ± 12.0 * |
| Abduction |
70 ± 28 |
122 ± 10 |
-110.5 ± 70.2 |
-19.9 ± 54.6 * |
| Horizontal Adduction |
109 ± 26 |
12 ± 23 |
63.0 ± 50.3 |
-45.5 ± 28.1 * |
The difference between peak torque estimates at ball contact was statistically significant (* p < 0.001) for each torque pair.
