Table 1. Genetic markers associated with weight loss efficiency in response to different types of diets.

Gene	Polymorphism	Cohort (sex, sample size)	Population	Favorable allele/ genotype	Type of diet therapy	Outcome	References
ACE	rs4646994 I/D	n=32, women 100%	European	I	hypocaloric diet for 8 weeksTop of Form Bottom of Form	carriers of the I allele with significantly reduced relative body fat percentage compared to carriers of the DD genotype (-2.3±1.4% vs. -0.8±1.6%, P<0.05)	(Hamada et al., 2011)
ACSL5	rs2419621 C/T	n=44, women 100%	European	Т	hypocaloric high-protein diet for 12 weeks	carriers of the T allele had significantly reduced body mass compared to carriers of the CC genotype (-9.3±1.8 kg vs. -7.4±2.1 kg, P=0.01), BMI (-3.4±0.5 units vs. -3.1±0.4 units, P=0.02), body fat mass (BFM) (-6.4±1.2 kg vs. -5.2±1.4 kg, P=0.01), and waist circumference (WC) (-8.6±0.8 cm vs. -6.1±1.1 cm, P=0.02)	(Jáuregui et al., 2020)
ACSL5	rs2419621 C/T	n=211, women 100%	European (Canada)	Т	hypocaloric diet for 24 weeks	carriers of the T allele had significantly reduced body fat mass (BFM) compared to carriers of the CC genotype (-3.82±1.66 kg, P<0.001), relative body fat mass (-2.99±1.08 kg, P<0.001), and visceral fat mass (-5.74±2.87 kg, P=0.003)	(Rajkumar et al., 2016)
ADCY3	rs10182181 A/G	n=147, women 67,3%	European	G	hypocaloric low-fat diet for 16 weeks	carriers of the G allele had significantly reduced trunk fat mass (n/d, P=0.04), android fat mass (n/d, P=0.02), gynoid fat mass (n/d, P=0.03), and visceral fat mass (n/d, P=0.02) compared to carriers of the AA genotype.	(Goni et al., 2018)
ADRB2	rs1042714 G/C	n=95 women 100%	European	G	partial meal replacement hypocaloric diet 12 weeks	carriers of the G allele had larger reductions: (CC versus CG + GG) body weight (-7.1±0.3 vs. -13.5±0.5 kg: P = 0.03), BMI (-0.9±0.1 vs -1.2±0.2 kg/m2; P = 0.03), fat mass (-4.9±0.5 vs. -10.2 ±1.2 kg; P = 0.01), and waist circumference (-5.1± 0.2 vs. -10.1±1.9 cm; P = 0.03)	(de Luis et al., 2023)
ADRB3	rs4994 A/G	n= 24, women 100%	Mixed (USA)	А	low-calorie diet for 13 months	carriers of the A allele had significantly reduced visceral fat mass by 43% compared to carriers of the GG genotype (-46±27 cm2 vs. -81±51 cm2, P=0.05)	(Tchernof et al., 2000)
BDNF	rs6265 C/T	n= 201, women n/d	European	T	hypocaloric high-protein diet for 16 weeks	carriers of the T allele had significantly reduced body fat mass (BFM) compared to carriers of the CC genotype (-5.3±3.2 kg vs. -3.9±2.5 kg, P=0.023)	(Ramos-Lopez et al., 2019)
BDNF	rs11030104 A/G	n= 201, women n/d	European	G	hypocaloric high-protein diet for 16 weeks	carriers of the G allele significantly had reduced body fat mass (BFM) compared to carriers of the AA genotype (-5.2±3.1 kg vs. -3.8 ±2.4 kg, P=0.013)	(Ramos-Lopez et al., 2019)
BDNF	rs10767664 T/A	n=80, women n/d	European	АА	hypocaloric diet for 3 months	individuals with the AA genotype significantly reduced body mass (MT) (-3.4±2.9 kg vs. -1.7±2.0 kg, P=0.01), BMI more (-1.5±0.2 units vs. -1.2±0.5 units, P=0.02), body fat mass (BFM) more (-2.3±1.1 kg vs. -1.7±0.9 kg, P=0.009), and waist circumference (WC) more (-3.8±2.4 cm vs. -2.1±3.1 cm, P=0.008) compared to carriers of the G allele.	(de Luis et al., 2018c)
CB2R	rs3123554 A/G	n=280, women 76,6%	European	GG	hypocaloric low-carbohydrate diet in conjunction with aerobic physical exercises for 12 weeks	carriers of the GG genotype had significantly reduced body mass (BM) (-3.3±1.1 kg vs. -1.9±1.0 kg, P=0.01), BMI (-1.3±0.1 units vs. -1.0±0.5 units, P=0.03), body fat mass (BFM) (-2.7±1.1 kg vs. -2.2±0.7 kg, P=0.02), and waist circumference (WC) (-3.4±1.0 cm vs. -2.5±1.1 cm, P=0.009) compared to carriers of the A allele	(de Luis et al., 2018a)
CB2R	rs3123554 A/G	n=280, women 76,6%	European	GG	hypocaloric diet with aerobic physical exercises for 12 weeks	carriers of the GG genotype had significantly reduced body mass (MT) (-4.0±1.2 kg vs. -2.1±1.1 kg, P=0.01), BMI (-1.3±0.2 units vs. -1.1±0.3 units, P=0.02), body fat mass (BFM) (-2.4±1.0 kg vs. -1.5±0.8 kg, P=0.02), and waist circumference (WC) (-3.7±1.1 cm vs. -2.9±1.0 cm, P=0.01), compared to carriers of the A allele	(de Luis et al., 2018a)
FGF21	rs838147 A/G	n=715, women 61%	Mixed (USA)	G	hypocaloric low-fat diet for 2 years	carriers of the G allele had significantly reduced body fat mass (BFM) (n/d, P=0.01) and trunk fat mass (n/d, P=0.02) compared to carriers of the AA genotype	(Heianza et al., 2016)
FTO	rs9939609 T/A	n=233, women 75,9%	European	А	hypocaloric diet with high polyunsaturated fat content in conjunction with aerobic physical exercises for 12 weeks	carriers of the A allele had significantly reduced body mass (MT) (-5.1±3.9 kg vs. -3.0±2.8 kg, P<0.05), BMI (-2.0±1.4 units vs. -1.1±1.2 units, P<0.05), and body fat mass (BFM) (-4.2±2.9 kg vs. -3.0±2.8 kg, P<0.05) compared to carriers of the TT genotype	(de Luis 2015b)
FTO	rs9939609 T/A	n=195, women 70,2%	European	TT	hypocaloric high-protein diet for 9 months	carriers of the TT genotype had significantly reduced body mass (MT) (n/d, P<0.05), BMI (n/d, P<0.05), and body fat mass (BFM) (n/d, P<0.05) compared to carriers of the A allele	(de Luis 2015a)
FTO	rs9939609 T/A	n=195, women 70,2%	European	TT	hypocaloric diet for 9 months	carriers of the TT genotype with significantly reduced body mass (MT) (n/d, P<0.05), BMI (n/d, P<0.05), and body fat mass (BFM) (n/d, P<0.05) compared to carriers of the A allele	(de Luis 2015a)
FTO	rs1558902 T/A	n=742, women 61%	Mixed	А	high-protein diet for 2 years	carriers of allele A, compared to carriers of the TT genotype, significantly reduced total body fat (n/d, P=0.049), visceral fat (n/d, P=0.012), and subcutaneous fat (n/d, P=0.002)	(Zhang et al., 2012)
LCT	rs4988235 G/A	n=583, women 56,3%	European (USA)	G	high-protein diet for 2 years	carriers of the G allele, compared to carriers of the AA genotype, had significantly reduced relative body fat (n/d, P=0.04), subcutaneous fat (n/d, P=0.04), visceral fat (n/d, P=0.03), and total body fat (n/d, P=0.03)	(Heianza et al., 2018)
LEPR	rs1137100 A/G	n=170, women 47,1%	European	АА	hypocaloric diet for 8 weeks	carriers of the AA genotype, compared to carriers of the G allele, had significantly reduced body fat (-4.1±2.1% vs. -2.9±3.6%, P=0.013)	(Abete et al., 2009)
LYPLAL1	rs2605100 A/G	n= 201, women n/d	European	GG	hypocaloric high-protein diet for 16 weeks	carriers of the GG genotype, compared to carriers of the A allele, significantly reduced waist circumference (WC) (-9.8±3.9 cm vs. -8.0±4.9 cm, P=0.046) and body fat mass (BFM) (-4.9±2.7 kg vs. -3.8±2.8 kg, P=0.05)	(Ramos-Lopez et al., 2019)
MTHFR	rs1801133 С/Т	n= 56, women 66,1%	European	СC	hypocaloric Mediterranean diet for 12 weeks	carriers of the CC genotype, compared to carriers of the T allele, had significantly reduced relative body mass (-9.3±4.0% vs. -8.6±3.5%, P<0.05) and relative body fat mass (BFM) (-18.0±8.6% vs.-13.1±7.8%, P<0.05)	(Renzo et al., 2013)
MTNR1B	rs10830963 C/G	n=80, women 75,0%	European	СС	hypocaloric Mediterranean diet for 12 weeks	male carriers of the CC genotype, compared to carriers of the G allele, had significantly reduced body mass (-3.8±3.1 kg vs. -3.1±3.2 kg, P<0.05), BMI (-0.9±1.0 units vs. -0.7±1.0 units, P<0.05), and body fat mass (BFM) (-2.4±1.5 kg vs. -1.1±1.1 kg, P<0.05) among women, carriers of the CC genotype, compared to carriers of the G allele, had significantly reduced body mass (-3.2±1.1 kg vs. -2.1±1.0 kg, P<0.05), BMI (-1.1±1.0 units vs. -0.6±1.3 units, P<0.05), and body fat mass (BFM) (-2.4±1.0 kg vs. -1.3±1.2 kg, P<0.05)	(de Luis et al., 2018b)
MTNR1B	rs10830963 C/G	n=361, women n/d	European	СС	hypocaloric diet with a high content of monounsaturated fats or with a high content of polyunsaturated fats for 12 weeks	carriers of the CC genotype, compared to carriers of the G allele, significantly reduced body mass (-4.1±0.9 kg vs. -2.9±0.8 kg, P<0.05), BMI (-0.7±1.1 units vs. -0.5±1.2 units, P<0.05), body fat (-3.0±0.8 kg vs. -2.0±1.0 kg, P<0.05), and waist circumference (-3.4±1.0 cm vs. -2.9±0.9 cm, P<0.05) on a hypocaloric diet with a high content of monounsaturated fats carriers of the CC genotype, compared to carriers of the G allele, significantly reduced body mass (-3.7±1.0 kg vs. -2.5±0.9 kg, P<0.05), BMI (-0.7±1.0 units vs. -0.2±1.1 units, P<0.05), body fat more (-3.3±1.0 kg vs. -1.4±0.9 kg, P<0.05) and waist circumference (-3.8±1.0 cm vs. -2.6±0.8 cm, P<0.05) on a hypocaloric diet with a high content of polyunsaturated fats	(de Luis et al., 2020b)
MTNR1B	rs10830963 С/G	n=270, women %	European	СС	highly hypocaloric high-protein/low- carbohydrate diet for 9 months.	carriers of the CC genotype, compared to carriers of the G allele, had significantly reduced BMI (-3.3±0.2 units vs. -3.2±0.2 units, P=0.02), body mass (-8.6±1.1 kg vs. -6.2±0.9 kg, P=0.01), body fat mass (BFM) (-6.2±1.8 kg vs. -3.7±1.2 kg, P=0.01), and waist circumference (WC) (-11.7±2.1 cm vs. -6.7±1.9 cm, P=0.02)	(de Luis et al., 2020a)
MTNR1B	rs10830963 С/G	n=270, women %	European	СС	highly hypocaloric diet for 9 months	carriers of the CC genotype, compared to carriers of the G allele, significantly reduced BMI (-3.1±0.2 units vs. -2.7±0.3 units, P=0.04), body mass (-7.6±1.4 kg vs. -5.1±1.2 kg, P=0.03), body fat mass (BFM) (-6.3±1.2 kg vs. -4.2±1.1 kg, P=0.03), and waist circumference (WC) (-10.7±1.4 cm vs. -6.3±1.8 cm, P=0.01)	(de Luis et al., 2020a)
NFATC2IP	rs11150675 G/A	n=692, women 61,1%	Mixed	A	low-carbohydrate diet for 2 years	carriers of the A allele, compared to carriers of the G allele, significantly reduced body fat mass (BFM) (-5.2±1.1 kg vs. -4.2±1.0 kg, P=0.02) and trunk fat (-16.1±3.2% vs. -12.8±2.8%, P=0.01)	(Sun et al., 2018)
NPY	rs16147 T/C	n=723, women 61%	Mixed	C	low-carbohydrate diet for 2 years	carriers of the C allele, compared to carriers of the T allele, had significantly reduced waist circumference (WC) (n/d, P<0.001) after 6 months, subcutaneous fat (n/d, P=0.04), body fat mass (BFM) (n/d, P=0.05), and abdominal fat (n/d, P=0.01) after 2 years	(Lin et al., 2015)
PPARD	rs1053049 C/T	n=156, women 60,1%	European	Т	low-fat diet with aerobic exercise for 9 months	carriers of the TT genotype, compared to carriers of the C allele, had significantly reduced non-visceral fat mass (-1.6 kg vs. -0.8 kg, P=0.02) and visceral fat (-0.4 kg vs. -0.3 kg, P=0.01)	(Thamer et al., 2008)
PPARD	rs2267668 G/A	n=156, women 60,1%	European	АА	low-fat diet with aerobic exercise for 9 months	carriers of the AA genotype, compared to carriers of the G allele, had significantly reduced non-visceral fat (-1.4 kg vs. -0.6 kg, P=0.04)	(Thamer et al., 2008)
PPARG	rs1801282 C/G	n=144, women100%	European	G	hypocaloric Mediterranean diet for 16 weeks	carriers of the G allele, compared to carriers of the CC genotype, had significantly reduced abdominal fat (-4.23±0.41 kg vs. -3.31±0.26 kg, P<0.05)	(Chmurzynska et al., 2019)
TCF7L2	rs7903146 C/T	n= 771, women n/d	European	T	highly hypocaloric low-fat diet over 10 weeks	individuals with the TT genotype on a low-fat diet lost significantly more body mass (-6.9±4.0 kg vs. -4.8±3.3 kg, P=0.023), fat mass (-5.4±3.4 kg vs. -4.4±3.2 kg, P=0.048), and waist circumference (WC) (-6.8±6.1 cm vs. -4.2±4.8 cm, P=0.023) compared to those on a low-carbohydrate diet; carriers of the C allele were equally effective in reducing body mass regardless of the diet type	(Grau et al., 2010)
TCF7L2	rs7903146 C/T	n= 201, women n/d	European	TT	hypocaloric high-protein diet for 16 weeks	individuals with the TT genotype, compared to carriers of the C allele, had significantly reduced body fat mass (BFM) (-5.6±2.4 kg vs. -4.1±2.8 kg, P=0.049)	(Ramos-Lopez et al., 2019)
UCP2	rs660339 G/A	n= 386, women 100%	East Asian	G	Caloric restriction diet for 4 weeks.	carriers of the G allele had significantly reduced body fat mass (BFM) (-5.0±0.2 kg vs. -3.9±0.3 kg, P=0.016) compared to carriers of the AA genotype	(Cha et al., 2007)
UCP2	rs659366 G/A	n= 458, women 100%	East Asian	G	markedly hypocaloric diet for 4 weeks.	individuals with the G allele showed a significant reduction in BMI (-2.8±0.8 units vs. -2.4±1.0 units, P=0.02) and body fat mass (BFM) (-5.3±3.6 kg vs. -4.2±2.1 kg, P=0.03) compared to those with the AA genotype	(Yoon et al., 2007)
UCP3	rs1800849 rs2075576 rs1800006 rs1685325 rs2734827 rs2075577	n= 214, women 100% the average age is 28.6±9.6 years	East Asian	Haplotype [CGTACC]	extremely hypocaloric diet for 4 weeks	carriers of the haplotype [CGTACC], compared to carriers of the haplotype [TCCGTT], had significantly reduced body mass (BMI: -7.7±2.2 kg vs. -6.5±2.5 kg, P=0.016), body mass index (BMI: -2.98±0.91 vs. -2.54±0.94, P=0.039), and fat mass (FM: -5.5±4.6 kg vs. -4.3±1.8 kg, P=0.028)	(Cha et al., 2006)

n/d- no data; МТ- body mass; BMI- body mass index, FМ- fat mass; WC- waist circumference