Table 2. Summary of the research reporting an ergogenic effect following creatine supplementation.

Study	Protocol	Subjects	Creatine Dose	Exercise Performance
Delecluse et al. 2003	Running 2 × 40 m sprint runs 5 min rec 6 × 40 m sprint runs 30 s rec	12 highly trained nationally ranked 100 m & 200 m sprinters M & F	0.35 g·kg-1·d-1 × 6-d	No effect on sprint velocity. 0.3 kg ↑ BM n.s
Biwer et al. 2001	Running Treadmill intervals 20 min Constant spd 15% grade × 2 min 0% grade × 2 min	15 collegiate soccer players M & F	0.3 g·kg-1 × 6-d	No effect on sub-maximal treadmill performance interspersed with high-intensity intervals. Significant ↑ BM 1.2 kg (M)
Finn et al. 2001	Cycling 4 × 20 s max sprints 20 s rec between sprints	16 regional class triathletes	20 g/d × 5-d	No effect on multiple sprint cycle performance with intervening 20 s rest periods. Significant ↑ BM 0.81 kg
Wilder et al. 2001	Resistance Exercise Progressive weight training 4 × wk; 10 wks	25 highly trained M collegiate football players	3 g·d-1 20 g/d × 3-d + 5 g/d × 10 wks	No effect on 1-RM squat strength. Significant ↑ FFM (a) 2.46 kg (b) 1.79 kg
Gilliam et al. 2000	Isokinetic Knee Extension 5 × 30 MVC 1 min rec between sets	23 active but untrained M	20 g/d × 5-d	No effect on maintaining peak isokinetic torque. Significant ↑ BM 0.86 kg
Deutekom et al. 2000	Isokinetic Knee Extension 2 × 40 MVC Cycling 2 × 30 s max sprint	23 well trained rowers M	20 g/d × 6-d	No effect on muscle performance or maximal output during sprint cycling. Significant ↑ BM 1.6 kg
Francaux & Poortmans 1999	Resistance Exercise Isokinetic squat Periodized 3 × wk; 6 wks	25 active but untrained M	21 g/d × 5-d + 3 g/d × 58-d	No effect on mean force development. Significant ↑ BM 2 kg
Snow et al. 1998	Cycling 1 × 20 s max sprint	8 active but untrained M	30 g/d × 3-d	No change to measurement of power. Significant ↑ BM ~1 kg
Odland et al. 1997	Cycling 30 s Wingate test	9 active but untrained M	20 g/d × 3-d	No effect on any recorded exercise measures
Burke et al. 1996	Swimming 25 m, 50 m, 100 m swim, 10 s maximal leg ergometry test	32 national & international swimmers M & F	20 g/d × 5-d	No significant differences between group means for sprint times or 10 s maximal leg ergometry power & work.
Mujika et al. 1996	Swimming 3 × 25 m 3 × 50 m 3 × 100 m	20 national & international swimmers M & F	20 g/d × 5-d	No significant effect on performance. Significant ↑ BM 0.7 kg

Abbreviations: M = Male; F = Female; RM = Repetition maximum; MxS = Maximal strength; RPRT = Repeated sprint running test; MDRT = Maximal multistage discontinuous incremental running test; CMJT = Counter-movement jump test; IET = Intermittent endurance test; BC = Body composition; BM = Body mass; FFM = Fat free mass; MAOD = Maximal accumulated oxygen deficit; rec = Recovery