Table 2. Comparisons of all outcome group means and skills for three measurement periods.
Group & Difficulty |
Group* |
Mdiff |
p† |
Pretest |
|
|
|
|
Forehand Clear |
1 |
2 |
-.82 |
.68 |
|
1 |
3 |
1.43 |
.31 |
|
1 |
4 |
-.17 |
.54 |
|
2 |
3 |
2.25 |
.25 |
|
2 |
4 |
.65 |
.62 |
|
3 |
4 |
-1.60 |
.30 |
Backhand Clear |
1 |
2 |
.85 |
.61 |
|
1 |
3 |
.75 |
.70 |
|
1 |
4 |
.20 |
.79 |
|
2 |
3 |
-.10 |
.83 |
|
2 |
4 |
-.65 |
.64 |
|
3 |
4 |
-.55 |
.66 |
Posttest |
|
|
|
|
Forehand Clear |
1 |
2 |
-.37 |
.77 |
|
1 |
3 |
3.44* |
.012 |
|
1 |
4 |
5.31* |
.000 |
|
2 |
3 |
3.81* |
.010 |
|
2 |
4 |
5.68* |
.000 |
|
3 |
4 |
1.87 |
.13 |
Backhand Clear |
1 |
2 |
1.21 |
.43 |
|
1 |
3 |
-4.44* |
.006 |
|
1 |
4 |
6.26* |
.000 |
|
2 |
3 |
-5.65* |
.001 |
|
2 |
4 |
5.05* |
.001 |
|
3 |
4 |
10.7* |
.000 |
Retention |
|
|
|
|
Forehand Clear |
1 |
2 |
-0.06 |
.82 |
|
1 |
3 |
3.50* |
.014 |
|
1 |
4 |
5.07* |
.001 |
|
2 |
3 |
3.56* |
.011 |
|
2 |
4 |
5.13* |
.001 |
|
3 |
4 |
1.57 |
.46 |
Backhand Clear |
1 |
2 |
1.19 |
.57 |
|
1 |
3 |
-4.25* |
.008 |
|
1 |
4 |
5.81* |
.006 |
|
2 |
3 |
-5.44* |
.004 |
|
2 |
4 |
4.62* |
.007 |
|
3 |
4 |
10.06* |
.000 |
Abbreviations: = positive feedback and correct cues; = error cues; = positive feedback, correct and error cues; = control group. = significant mean difference, p<.05. = bonferroni correction.