Table 2 The results of kinematic variables. Data are means (±SD).
|
|
Low skilled (n=17) |
Skilled (n=13) |
| Upper trunk horizontal (°) |
Address |
-6.3 (4.4) |
-3.9 (5.4) |
|
Backswing |
40.7 (10.4) |
47.8 (6.3) * |
|
Top of back swing |
97.8 (19.8) |
102.3 (12.6) |
|
Downswing |
62.3 (13.5) |
56.6 (6.5) |
|
Ball impact |
-12.9 (11.0) |
-12.2 (8.3) |
|
Follow through |
-55.2 (12.1) |
-43.3 (10.5) ** |
| Pelvic horizontal (°) |
Address |
-3.1 (4.4) |
.4 (1.5) ** |
|
Backswing |
21.8 (10.8) |
28.8 (8.9) * |
|
Top of backswing |
51.5 (16.9) |
47.9 (11.5) |
|
Downswing |
20.7 (13.7) |
10.1 (7.9) * |
|
Ball impact |
-33.7 (14.9) |
-38.1 (9.6) |
|
Follow through |
-44.6 (14.3) |
-46.7 (11.1) |
| Upper trunk side-bending (°) |
Address |
12.4 (5.0) |
15.1 (3.3) |
|
Backswing |
-18.9 (7.5) |
-17.1 (6.9) |
|
Top of backswing |
-29.3 (7.5) |
-25.7 (8.6) |
|
Downswing |
-25.0 (10.5) |
-20.0 (4.6) |
|
Ball impact |
30.0 (6.1) |
28.7 (5.0) |
|
Follow through |
45.2 (5.8) |
40.7 (6.1) * |
| Pelvic side-bending (°) |
Address |
-.9 (1.7) |
.2 (3.0) |
|
Backswing |
-10.4 (3.3) |
-8.1 (3.9) |
|
Top of backswing |
-15.3 (5.1) |
-14.6 (5.3) |
|
Downswing |
-11.7 (4.0) |
-7.6 (3.6) ** |
|
Ball impact |
6.5 (3.7) |
8.7 (4.6) |
|
Follow through |
9.1 (4.0) |
9.1 (4.7) |
| Pelvic anterior-posterior (°) |
Address |
-10.0 (9.5) |
-11.2 (6.5) |
|
Backswing |
-8.4 (6.9) |
-8.7 (4.2) |
|
Top of backswing |
-4.6 (9.1) |
-8.1 (6.9) |
|
Downswing |
-9.7 (8.8) |
-8.9 (7.1) |
|
Ball impact |
.0 (8.1) |
6.6 (5.2) * |
|
Follow through |
4.2 (7.9) |
10.5 (5.8) * |
* and ** denote p < 0.05 and 0.01 respectively between the groups. Note: The positive values in the horizontal rotation angles represent that the segment was positioned in the clockwise direction, relative to the Y-axis of lab coordinate system viewing from above, while the negative numbers represent that the segment was positioned in the counter-clockwise direction. The positive values in the side bending angles represent the segment tilts down toward the right side of the body from the XY plane while the negative values represent the segment tilts down to left side of the body. The positive values in the pelvic antero-posterior rotation represent posterior rotation while the negative values represent anterior rotation.
