| 1980 |
Rothpearl |
152 |
General |
Cross-sectional (level of experience) |
Karate |
Hostility |
Positive among advanced MA |
| 1981 |
Nosanchuk |
41 |
General |
Cross-sectional (level of experience) |
Karate |
Aggressive fantasy |
Positive among advanced MA |
| 1990 |
Daniels & Thornton |
80 |
General |
Cross-sectional (level of experience)+ (comparison different martial arts) |
Karate, ju jitsu, badminton, rugby, control |
Hostility |
Positive among advanced MA |
| 1991 |
Skelton et al. |
68 |
Youth |
Cross-sectional (level of experience) |
Taekwondo |
Aggressiveness |
Positive among advanced MA |
| 1992 |
Daniels & Thornton |
79 |
General |
Cross-sectional (level of experience) |
Karate, ju jitsu, badminton, rugby |
Hostility |
Positive among advanced MA |
| 1994 |
Edelman |
15 |
Youth |
Longitudinal (school-linked program) |
Aikido |
Hostility and aggressiveness |
Positive over time among MA |
| 1999 |
Lamarre & Nosanchuk |
51 |
General |
Cross-sectional (level of experience) |
Judo |
Aggressiveness |
Positive among advanced MA |
| 2001 |
Björkqvist & Varhama |
319 |
General |
Cross-sectional (comparison different martial arts) |
Karate, wrestling and boxing, non-contact sports, no sports |
Attitudes towards violent conflict resolution |
Positive among male, negative among female karateka |
| 2001 |
Zivin et al. |
60 |
Youth |
Longitudinal (school-linked program) |
Kempo |
Hostility and aggressiveness |
Positive over time among MA |
| 2001 |
Reynes & Lorant |
150 |
Youth |
Cross-sectional (comparison different martial arts) |
Judo, karate, control |
Aggressiveness |
No difference compared to control (judo more anger than control) |
| 2002 |
Reynes & Lorant (a) |
8 |
Youth |
Longitudinal |
Judo, control |
Aggressiveness |
Negative compared to control group |
| 2002 |
Reynes & Lorant (b) |
9 |
Youth |
Longitudinal |
Karate, control |
Aggressiveness |
No effect compared to control, positive effect compared to judoka |
| 2004 |
Reynes & Lorant |
43 |
Youth |
Longitudinal (comparison different martial arts) |
Judo, karate |
Aggressiveness |
No effect among karate, negative among judo |
| 2005 |
Endresen & Olweus |
477 |
Youth |
Longitudinal |
Boxing, weightlifting, wrestling, oriental martial arts, non-participants |
Violent and antisocial behavior |
Negative among MA |
| 2007 |
Wargo et al. |
40 |
General |
Cross-sectional (level of experience) |
Taekwondo,karate |
Aggressiveness |
Neither positive nor negative |
| 2009 |
Steyn & Roux |
72 |
Youth |
Cross-sectional (comparison different groups) |
Taekwondo, hockey, non-participants |
Verbal aggression and hostility |
Positive among MA |
