Table 2. Surface EMG electrode placement and potential contribution of each muscle to different actions produced. (based on the method of Strimpakos et al., ).

Muscle group	Electrode placements	Action associated with muscles	Reference electrode
Splenius capitis (SC)	Over the muscle belly at C2/3 level between the uppermost parts of trapezius and sternocleidomastoid	RPO, RLF, RAO, LPO, LLF, LAO	C7 spinous process
Sternocleidomastoid (SCM)	Over the muscle belly, about 1/3 of the length rostral to the sternal attachment	RLF, RAO, LLF, LAO, F	Acromion
Cervical paraspinal group (CPG); trapezius, capitis and cervicis groups)	2 cm from the midline at C4 level	E, RPO, LPO,	T1 spinous process