Table 2. Associations between each physical fitness measure and MoCA.
Independent variables |
n |
Model 1 |
|
Model 2 |
|
Model 3 |
|
Regression coefficient (95% CI) |
p |
Regression coefficient (95% CI) |
p |
Regression coefficient (95% CI) |
p |
HS, kg |
1,529 |
.10 (.07-.14) |
<.001 |
.09 (.06-.13) |
<.001 |
.08 (.05-.12) |
<.001 |
LS, kg |
1,473 |
.07 (.05-.09) |
<.001 |
.06 (.04-.08) |
<.001 |
.06 (.04-.08) |
<.001 |
SR, reps/sec |
1,488 |
2.34 (1.42-3.26) |
<.001 |
1.95 (1.05-2.85) |
<.001 |
1.55 (.64-2.45) |
<.001 |
GS, m/sec |
1,540 |
1.38 (.96-1.80) |
<.001 |
1.17 (.76-1.57) |
<.001 |
1.01 (.59-1.43) |
<.001 |
OT, sec |
1,525 |
.02 (.01-.02) |
<.001 |
.01 (.01-.02) |
<.001 |
.01 (.01-.02) |
<.001 |
Note: Model 1: association between each physical fitness measure as an independent variable and MoCA as a dependent variable, with age and sex as covariates; Model 2: Model 1 plus years of education and BMI as covariates; Model 3: Model 2 plus other confounding factors (economic status, PAEE, IADL, K6, hypertension, heart disease, diabetes, and stroke) as covariates. MoCA: Montreal Cognitive Assessment; HS: handgrip strength; LS: leg strength; SR: sit-to-stand rate; GS: gait speed; OT: one-leg stand time; BMI: body mass index; PAEE: physical activity energy expenditure; IADL: instrumental activities of daily living; K6: Kessler 6 psychological distress scale. 95% CI denotes 95% confidential interval of regression coefficient. Coefficients of determination (adjusted R-squared) in the regression analyses are as follows: Model 1: 0.145, 0.138, 0.132, 0.148, 0.157; Model 2: 0.197, 0.192, 0.183, 0.198, 0.205; Model 3: 0.210, 0.206, 0.196, 0.209, 0.217 (for HS, LS, SR, GS, and OT, in respective models).