Table 2. Lower-limb kinematics and temporal parameters. Values are expressed as mean (± SD).
| Variable |
High velocity group (n =10) |
Low velocity group (n =10) |
p |
ES |
High velocity Group (n =10) |
Low velocity group (n =10) |
p |
ES |
| Phase time/Strength length |
| Phase 1 time (s) |
.9 (.2) |
.9 (.2) |
.80 |
.11 |
|
|
|
|
| Phase 2 time (s) |
.2 (.0) |
.2 (.0) |
.30 |
.48 |
|
|
|
|
| Total Pitch Time (s) |
1.0 (.2) |
1.1 (.2) |
.76 |
.14 |
|
|
|
|
| Stride length (m) |
1.5 (.1) |
1.5 (.1) |
.81 |
.11 |
|
|
|
|
| Stride length (%height) |
85.0 (3.7) |
85.2 (4.1) |
.91 |
.11 |
|
|
|
|
| Angles |
|
Pivot leg |
|
|
|
Stride leg |
|
|
| Hip coronal plane (Adduction: +; Abduction: -) |
| Angle at MKH (°) |
-24.8 (6.9) |
-26.9 (5.6) |
.48 |
.32 |
19.7 (15.3) |
19.4 (7.2) |
.97 |
.02 |
| Angle at MAP (°) |
-13.5 (10.5) * |
-24.7 (8.3) |
.02 |
1.12 |
-16.3 (11.6) |
-27.8 (15.2) |
.09 |
.81 |
| Angle at SFC (°) |
-40.0 (4.7) * |
-45.2 (4.8) |
.03 |
1.05 |
-37.1 (5.4) |
-40.9 (5.5) |
.15 |
.67 |
| Angle at MER (°) |
|
|
|
|
29.3 (16.8) |
21.8 (16.5) |
.35 |
.43 |
| Angle at REL (°) |
|
|
|
|
37.8 (13.1) |
29.9 (9.8) |
.17 |
.64 |
| Hip transverse plane (Internal rotation: +; External rotation: -) |
| Angle at MKH (°) |
-24.4 (8.7) |
-25.5 (5.6) |
.76 |
.14 |
-41.5 (13.9) |
-38.7 (11.8) |
.66 |
.20 |
| Angle at MAP (°) |
-32.3 (7.4) |
-31.8 (9.7) |
.91 |
.05 |
-36.8 (7.8) |
-36.6 (6.6) |
.95 |
.03 |
| Angle at SFC (°) |
-27.1 (7.9) |
-29.0 (9.2) |
.65 |
.21 |
-47.5 (6.5) |
-46.9 (7.9) |
.85 |
.09 |
| Angle at MER (°) |
|
|
|
|
-23.3 (7.4) |
-21.7 (6.0) |
.61 |
.23 |
| Angle at REL (°) |
|
|
|
|
-15.3 (6.8) |
-17.7 (6.7) |
.45 |
.35 |
| Hip sagittal plane (Flexion: +; Extension: -) |
| Angle at MKH (°) |
13.9 (4.7) |
16.7 (6.1) |
.30 |
.48 |
112.3 (6.6) |
105.9 (7.0) |
.06 |
.89 |
| Angle at MAP (°) |
62.5 (7.8) |
58.3 (9.8) |
.33 |
.45 |
48.2 (14.9) |
40.6 (12.9) |
.26 |
.52 |
| Angle at SFC (°) |
24.5 (11.3) |
26.5 (14.6) |
.74 |
.15 |
63.4 (12.4) |
60.5 (10.4) |
.61 |
.23 |
| Angle at MER (°) |
|
|
|
|
110.7 (10.8) |
105.1 (5.0) |
.18 |
.63 |
| Angle at REL (°) |
|
|
|
|
105.3 (12.7) |
100.4 (6.2) |
.32 |
.46 |
| Knee sagittal plane (Flexion: +; Extension: -) |
| Angle at MKH (°) |
19.1 (8.2) |
16.5 (5.3) |
.43 |
.36 |
114.5 (17.9) |
110.6 (12.1) |
.59 |
.24 |
| Angle at MAP (°) |
49.4 (10.1) |
47.9 (7.4) |
.73 |
.16 |
33.7 (17.5) |
37.2 (8.3) |
.59 |
.25 |
| Angle at SFC (°) |
25.5 (6.4) |
26.4 (9.7) |
.82 |
.10 |
46.0 (6.7) |
44.2 (8.0) |
.95 |
.03 |
| Angle at MER (°) |
|
|
|
|
39.5 (13.1) |
44.7 (10.2) |
.36 |
.42 |
| Angle at REL (°) |
|
|
|
|
27.5 (13.4) * |
42.1 (12.8) |
.03 |
1.05 |
| Ankle sagittal plane (Dorsiflexion: +; Plantarflexion: -) |
| Angle at MKH (°) |
-1.9 (5.7) * |
5.2 (6.7) |
.03 |
1.09 |
8.2 (17.7) |
8.3 (13.9) |
.99 |
.00 |
| Angle at MAP (°) |
1.3 (7.4) |
-.4 (9.4) |
.67 |
.20 |
12.1 (10.5) |
11.9 (14.1) |
.96 |
.02 |
| Angle at SFC (°) |
37.0 (9.0) |
28.8 (10.3) |
.09 |
.81 |
17.8 (11.2) |
20.1 (17.9) |
.75 |
.15 |
| Angle at MER (°) |
|
|
|
|
21.6 (5.3) |
21.1 (5.8) |
.84 |
.09 |
| Angle at REL (°) |
|
|
|
|
23.9 (6.5) |
21.7 (6.3) |
.49 |
.32 |
| Joint angular velocities(°·s-1) |
| Max Hip Add AV |
132.4 (52.0) |
148.2 (34.0) |
.45 |
.34 |
860.8 (179.8) |
781.5 (116.6) |
.28 |
.49 |
| Max Hip Abd AV |
306.5 (74.4) |
262.7 (71.2) |
.22 |
.58 |
49.6 (137.5) |
9.7 (84.3) |
.28 |
.52 |
| Max Hip IntR AV |
144.5 (76.2) |
167.5 (162.5) |
.71 |
.17 |
528.5 (102.5) |
428.2 (114.6) |
.07 |
.85 |
| Max Hip ExtR |
65.5 (20.4) |
79.7 (29.9) |
.26 |
.51 |
70.1 (77.4) |
81.6 (58.9) |
.72 |
.16 |
| Max Hip Flexion AV |
153.6 (26.6) |
141.8 (48.8) |
.53 |
.27 |
620.8 (110.0) |
596.2 (123.6) |
.66 |
.20 |
| Max Hip Extension AV |
549.7 (66.7) |
541.5 (163.6) |
.89 |
.06 |
209.2 (98.3) |
182.8 (104.8) |
.60 |
.27 |
| Max Knee Extension AV |
246.2 (80.5) |
231.4 (53.8) |
.65 |
.20 |
267.2 (98.6) * |
163.6 (129.2) |
.03 |
.84 |
| Knee Extension AV at MER |
|
|
|
|
-192.6 (137.3) * |
-33.6 (123.7) |
.02 |
1.15 |
| Knee Extension AV at REL |
|
|
|
|
-204.8 (100.0) * |
-87.1 (101.0) |
.04 |
1.11 |
| Joint angular velocity temporal parameters (%time) |
| Maximum Hip Add AV |
65.9 (24.5) |
60.2 (21.4) |
.61 |
.25 |
150.8 (5.0) |
154.1 (10.1) |
.40 |
.40 |
| Maximum Hip Abd AV |
93.2 (3.9) |
91.7 (3.8) |
.39 |
.42 |
169.8 (45.7) |
179.2 (39.7) |
.65 |
.21 |
| Maximum Hip IntR AV |
91.6 (18.6) |
85.3 (28.2) |
.58 |
.25 |
165.0 (4.3) |
162.1 (5.2) |
.22 |
.60 |
| Maximum Hip ExtR AV |
67.4 (20.7) |
80.6 (12.5) |
.12 |
.75 |
138.8 (40.4) |
137.8 (41.0) |
.96 |
.02 |
| Maximum Hip Flexion AV |
43.1 (21.3) |
48.8 (17.9) |
.55 |
.27 |
129.0 (13.2) |
126.6 (14.6) |
.71 |
.16 |
| Maximum Hip Extension AV |
99.2 (1.2) |
99.3 (0.9) |
.86 |
.08 |
189.3 (4.8) |
192.9 (2.8) |
.07 |
.86 |
| Maximum Knee Extension AV |
90.0 (3.1) |
93.4 (3.0) |
.03 |
1.03 |
171.3 (23.6) |
155.8 (38.5) |
.32 |
.46 |
** p < 0.01, Significant difference between high and low groups* p < 0.05, Significant difference between high and low groups.P; p value, ES; effect size value. MKH; Maximal stride knee height. MAP; Maximal anterior push-off force. SFC; Stride foot contacts ground. Max: maximum. Abd: abduction. Add: Adduction. AV: Angular Velocity. IntR: Internal Rotation. ExtR: External Rotation. MER; Maximum shoulder external rotation. REL; Ball release.
