| Low jump test |
To assess lower limb kinesthetic discrimination ability. Participants jumped with the legs together from a plinth to a ground marking at a set distance (1 m). They were instructed to land with their heels on the marking. The test was performed twice and the distance of each heel from the marking was measured in centimeters for each trial. Distance values were collapsed across heels and trials to obtain one mean value. |
| Orientation shuttle run test |
To assess lower limb response orientation ability. The participant was instructed to run three times, as quickly as possible, from a start marker toward one of five numbered goal markers located behind her. The goal markers were 3m apart from her and 1.5m apart from another on a hypothetical circumference arc. The sequence of goal markings to be reached was not known previously. The next marking number was announced when the participant returned to the start ball and touched it for the next run to begin without pausing. After demonstration by an experimenter, participants performed the test that was scored in seconds. |
| Backwards ball throw test |
To assess upper limb kinesthetic discrimination ability. Participants performed a one-hand overhead throw backwards with a tennis ball. They were instructed to center a ground target located 250 cm behind the performer. The target had a 20 cm diameter. After a training throw, participants performed five consecutive trials. Five points were assigned for each centered target. Scores of 4, 3, 2, 1 and 0 were assigned with increasing distance of the contact point of the ball from the target and the mean score was computed. |
