Table 2. Lower-limb kinematic parameter difference between adolescent and collegiate pitchers. Values are expressed as mean (±SD).

Variable	Adolescent pitcher (n = 32)	Collegiate pitcher (n = 30)	ES	Adolescent pitcher (n = 32)	Collegiate pitcher (n = 30)	ES
Phase time / Strength length
Phase 1 time (s)	.9 (.2)	.9 (.3)	.03
Phase 2 time (s)	.2 (.0)	.2 (.0)	.27
Total Pitch Time (s)	1.1 (.2)	1.1 (.3)	.01
Stride length (m)	1.4 (.1)	1.5 (.1)**	1.33
Stride length (%height)	82.9 (6.1)	84.6 (4.2)	.33
Angles	Pivot leg			Stride leg
Hip Coronal Plane (Adduction:+; Abduction:- )
Angle at MKH (°)	-23.1 (5.8)	-24.6 (5.9)	.26	20.9 (14.9)	24.1 (12.8)	.23
Angle at MAP (°)	-25.9 (9.8)	-19.7 (9.8)*	.62	-31.7 (13.5)	-21.0 (13.2)**	.78
Angle at SFC (°)	-42.5 (4.5)	-42.1 (5.4)	.08	-38.5 (6.8)	-38.1 (6.0)	.06
Angle at MER (°)				27.7 (18.8)	26.2 (21.7)	.08
Angle at REL (°)				33.9 (16.7)	37.1 (14.0)	.20
Hip Transverse Plane (Internal Rotation:+; External Rotation:- )
Angle at MKH (°)	-18.3 (7.1)	-23.8 (6.0)**	.83	-32.7 (10.3)	-39.9 (11.6) *	.64
Angle at MAP (°)	-25.1 (6.5)	-31.0 (8.2)**	.79	-39.3 (9.5)	-38.3 (8.2)	.11
Angle at SFC (°)	-21.9 (8.8)	-25.5 (8.2)	.41	-45.4 (8.3)	-48.5 (8.6)	.37
Angle at MER (°)				-22.0 (12.2)	-23.7 (9.3)	.15
Angle at REL (°)				-18.3 (10.4)	-16.1 (8.8)	.22
Hip Sagittal Plane (Flexion:+; Extension:- )
Angle at MKH (°)	15.4 (7.7)	16.3 (6.2)	.13	100.3 (10.3)	108.9 (6.8)**	.96
Angle at MAP (°)	51.0 (10.0)	59.2 (8.7) **	.86	45.0 (13.1)	46.0 (14.1)	.07
Angle at SFC (°)	20.5 (14.2)	23.5 (13.7)	.21	58.1 (11.1)	61.9 (12.5)	.31
Angle at MER (°)				105.4 (14.2)	109.4 (13.8)	.28
Angle at REL (°)				97.9 (15.5)	106.2 (10.0)*	.62
Knee Sagittal Plane (Flexion:+; Extension:- )
Angle at MKH (°)	16.0 (7.0)	17.0 (6.4)	.14	111.1 (18.5)	112.0 (13.5)	.05
Angle at MAP (°)	50.3 (9.2)	49.5 (9.4)	.09	35.9 (17.9)	33.4 (15.0)	.15
Angle at SFC (°)	30.8 (13.1)	28.1 (10.2)	.22	40.0 (8.2)	46.8 (8.5)**	.80
Angle at MER (°)				39.0 (12.1)	44.2 (10.9)	.44
Angle at REL (°)				31.4 (15.6)	38.0 (13.7)	.44
Ankle Sagittal Plane (Dorsiflexion:+; Plantar flexion:- )
Angle at MKH (°)	2.3 (5.3)	2.1 (6.9)	.03	.6 (18.4)	11.6 (14.2)*	.66
Angle at MAP (°)	-5.9 (9.6)	-1.4 (9.5)	.46	6.8 (11.5)	10.8 (11.4)	.35
Angle at SFC (°)	21.8 (17.8)	31.6 (10.3) *	.66	13.3 (12.8)	16.6 (14.4)	.24
Angle at MER (°)				19.2 (5.5)	19.7 (5.8)	.08
Angle at REL (°)				20.9 (6.5)	21.4 (6.1)	.08
Joint Angular Velocities	Pivot leg			Stride leg
Max Hip Flex Angle (°)	57.9 (9.3)	62.6 (8.1) *	.52	106.4 (13.8)	112.5 (8.8)*	.51
Max Knee Flex Angle (°)	58.6 (9.9)	56.7 (10.1)	.19	47.8 (7.1)	51.7 (8.3)	.49
Max Hip Add AV (°/s )	117.9 (66.0)	140.7 (47.3)	.39	852.0 (213.9)	830.6 (160.9)	.11
Max Hip Abd AV (°/s )	248.0 (73.7)	279.8 (78.4)	.41	123.3 (137.9)	38.8 (116.4)*	.65
Max Hip IntRot AV (°/s )	110.8 (77.6)	171.0 (122.7) *	.58	459.7 (13.8)	499.7 (157.3)	.27
Max Hip ExtRot AV(°/s )	72.0 (26.5)	69.1 (25.0)	.11	82.4 (89.0)	59.0 (63.1)	.30
Max Hip Flex AV (°/s )	133.5 (41.5)	140.1 (40.1)	.16	609.5 (98.8)	632.9 (107.0)	.22
Max Hip Ext AV (°/s )	515.6 (111.8)	549.1 (100.8)	.30	262.7 (102.2)	204.2 (98.5)*	.57
Max Knee Ext AV (°/s )	239.0 (85.4)	230.0 (76.6)	.11	245.7 (95.1)	220.9 (117.8)	.23
Knee Ext AV at MER (°/s )				167.9 (126.0)	132.1 (122.8)	.28
Knee Ext AV at REL (°/s )				199.4 (109.0)	161.1 (117.3)	.33

ES; Effect Size value; MKH; Maximal stride knee height. MAP; Maximal anterior push-off force. SFC; Stride foot contacts ground. MER; Maximum shoulder external rotation. REL; Ball release. AV: Angular Velocity; Max: Maximum; Flex: Flexion; Ext: Extension; Add: Adduction; Abd: Abduction; IntRot:Internal Rotation; ExtRot: External Rotation.* p < 0.05, Significant difference between adolescent and collegiate pitchers.** p < 0.01, Significant difference between adolescent and collegiate pitchers.