Barefoot | Shod | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Extended Knee |
Flexed Knee |
Extended Knee |
Flexed Knee |
||||
Kinematic outputs [Degrees] | Mean hip adduction angle | 4.2 (4.0) | 5.7 (4.5) | - | 5.5 (3.2) | 6.5 (3.3) | - |
Mean hip flexion angle | 9.6 (6.7) | 28.5 (8.3) | NC | 8.2 (7.0) | 27.3 (7.5) | NC | |
Mean change in hip flexion angle | .5 (3.1) | -3.8 (4.9) | - | 1.3 (3.8) | -2.8 (5.3) | - | |
Mean knee adduction angle | 12.1 (3.1) | 10.1 (5.1) | - | 11.4 (2.3) | 9.2 (4.6) | - | |
Mean knee flexion angle | -8.7 (7.5) | -35.3 (7.7) | NC | -7.2 (6.5) | -33.9 (6.4) | NC | |
Mean change in knee flexion angle | 2.6 (4.5) | 9.1 (8.5) | <.001 | -.2 (5.8) | 6.4 (8.3) | .004 | |
Mean ankle inversion ROM | 11.2 (4.0) | 11.5 (5.9) | - | 9.9 (3.8) | 9.4 (4.4) | - | |
Mean ankle angle at start | -17.7 (4.5) | -11.0 (5.9) | <.001 | 17.5 (7.3) | -10.4 (7.2) | <.001 | |
Mean ankle angle at end | 23.5 (6.3) | 27.5 (7.3) | .001 | 25.4 (6.2) | 30.5 (4.6) | <.001 | |
Mean ankle flexion ROM | 41.2 (7.4) | 38.5 (7.6) | - | 42.8 (7.8) | 40.8 (6.7) | - | |
Inter-segmental moments [Nm/(BW*ht)] | Peak hip extension moment | .28 (.06) | .35 (.11) | <.001 | .25 (.08) | .32 (.11) | <.001 |
Peak hip adduction moment | .28 (.06) | .35 (.12) | .001 | .24 (.09) | .33 (.12) | <.001 | |
Peak knee extension moment | .13 (.05) | -.04 (.08) | <.001 | .10 (.06) | -.07 (.07) | <.001 | |
Peak knee adduction moment | .13 (.05) | -.04 (.08) | <.001 | .10 (.06) | -.07 (.07) | <.001 | |
Peak ankle plantar-flexion moment | -.75 (.04) | -.72 (.04) | <.001 | -.76 (.09) | -.71 (.08) | <.001 | |
Peak ankle inversion moment | .09 (.07) | .10 (.07) | - | .05 (.05) | .05 (.04) | - | |
Force [BW] | Peak Achilles tendon force | 3.02 (.50) | 2.86 (.48) | - | 2.76 (.50) | 2.51 (.43) | - |
Muscle activation [% Fmax] | Soleus | .20 (.06) | .19 (.06) | - | .18 (.05) | .16 (.04) | - |
Gastrocnemius | .21 (.07) | .17 (.07) | - | .19 (.06) | .17 (.05) | - |