Table 2. The Maximum voluntary muscle contraction on pivot foot of different squat width in pivot throwing motion (%MVC). Data are means (±standard deviation).
| Muscle |
Phase |
Pivot throwing |
p-value |
Notes |
Weight-shift: |
p-value |
Notes |
| General-stance |
Wide-stance |
General-stance |
Wide-stance |
| Pivot foot |
| GASTRO |
Squat * |
22.8 (7.3) |
35.1 (14.0) |
.039 |
wide>general |
29.4 (12.9) |
30.1 (11.0) |
.818 |
NS |
|
Ascending |
92.2 (10.3) |
91.0 (9.8) |
.801 |
NS |
102.1 (10.3) |
97.1 (23.8) |
.435 |
NS |
|
Stride |
|
93.6 (15.0) |
100.5 (16.0) |
.360 |
NS |
|
Acceleration |
92.4 (13.7) |
83.4 (15.0) |
.170 |
NS |
85.8 (16.2) |
89.8 (23.3) |
.650 |
NS |
|
Follow through |
16.3 (7.8) |
12.0 (4.7) |
.129 |
NS |
14.2 (5.4) |
12.3 (3.3) |
.238 |
NS |
| TIB ANT |
Squat * |
51.4 (17.4) |
74.0 (16.2) |
.005 |
wide>general |
50.2 (16.5) |
58.6 (12.8) |
.201 |
NS |
|
Ascending |
73.6 (11.8) |
75.5 (14.3) |
.413 |
NS |
63.3 (8.1) |
63.9 (7.8) |
.830 |
NS |
|
Stride |
|
76.4 (7.8) |
67.7 (19.8) |
.141 |
NS |
|
Acceleration * |
32.7 (13.6) |
19.6(11.0) |
.024 |
general>wide |
33.2 (9.0) |
24.9 (12.0) |
.038 |
general>wide |
|
Follow through |
7.8 (6.9) |
7.0 (4.0) |
.719 |
NS |
10.5 (3.7) |
13.1 (8.6) |
.252 |
NS |
| BIC FEM |
Squat * |
34.5 (17.0) |
71.0 (16.0) |
.000 |
wide>general |
74.9 (9.4) |
47.7 (15.3) |
.001 |
general>wide |
|
Ascending * |
102.2 (28.0) |
127.1 (29.8) |
.038 |
wide>general |
111.0 (24.0) |
70.5 (10.4) |
.000 |
general>wide |
|
Stride |
|
143.0 (19.4) |
128.4 (20.7) |
.096 |
general>wide |
|
Acceleration |
132.2 (26.1) |
141.9 (26.5) |
.273 |
NS |
131.0 (15.5) |
142.6 (38.4) |
.341 |
NS |
|
Follow through |
43.6 (20.3) |
42.3 (20.3) |
.825 |
NS |
42.3 (16.9) |
28.4 (12.7) |
.009 |
wide>general |
| QUAD |
Squat |
42.5 (12.2) |
42.9 (9.2) |
.919 |
NS |
51.7 (15.6) |
53.2 (22.0) |
.812 |
NS |
|
Ascending * |
43.1 (12.2) |
32.9 (4.0) |
.030 |
general>wide |
84.9 (16.4) |
65.7 (16.9) |
.008 |
general>wide |
|
Stride |
|
53.0 (21.8) |
50.6 (22.4) |
.690 |
NS |
|
Acceleration |
15.3 (6.0) |
19.6 (9.3) |
.127 |
NS |
17.6 (11.5) |
21.8 (14.3) |
.366 |
NS |
|
Follow through |
9.1 (9.8) |
7.8 (3.8) |
.649 |
NS |
13.8 (5.0) |
17.4 (10.9) |
.273 |
NS |
| Stride foot |
| GASTRO |
Squat * |
47.5 (15.9) |
74.2 (13.9) |
.000 |
wide>general |
64.7 (18.4) |
44.4 (15.9) |
.008 |
general>wide |
|
Ascending |
112.9 (21.4) |
91.4 (24.7) |
.069 |
NS |
100.5 (12.5) |
100.8 (23.5) |
.974 |
NS |
|
Stride |
|
88.8 (19.1) |
99.9 (19.4) |
.095 |
NS |
|
Acceleration |
58.2 (18.4) |
50.4 (15.3) |
.247 |
NS |
74.8 (24.3) |
67.2 (29.2) |
.454 |
NS |
|
Follow through |
30.2 (9.1) |
42.4 (21.6) |
.085 |
NS |
50.1 (23.3) |
39.4 (6.3) |
.136 |
NS |
| TIB ANT |
Squat * |
19.7 (8.3) |
48.3 (10.1) |
.000 |
wide>general |
44.6 (10.6) |
37.2 (6.9) |
.107 |
NS |
|
Ascending * |
69.8 (9.6) |
45.4 (10.9) |
.000 |
general>wide |
52.6 (12.0) |
48.1 (17.4) |
.507 |
NS |
|
Stride |
|
44.9 (8.8) |
42.6 (12.0) |
.571 |
NS |
|
Acceleration * |
57.0 (14.8) |
32.9 (14.1) |
.002 |
general>wide |
33.8 (13.6) |
33.5 (10.0) |
.934 |
NS |
|
Follow through |
18.7 (10.5) |
18.6 (7.2) |
.965 |
NS |
16.6 (4.2) |
16.0 (6.1) |
.766 |
NS |
| BIC FEM |
Squat * |
87.2 (11.4) |
54.9 (8.0) |
.000 |
general>wide |
74.4 (19.4) |
57.8 (18.0) |
.034 |
general>wide |
|
Ascending * |
45.0 (11.6) |
41.7 (13.0) |
.546 |
NS |
54.6 (15.7) |
44.8 (16.8) |
.029 |
general>wide |
|
Stride |
|
36.2 (9.8) |
33.1 (12.3) |
.362 |
NS |
|
Acceleration |
39.5 (14.6) |
29.0 (11.0) |
.086 |
NS |
38.0 (11.8) |
42.3 (21.2) |
.467 |
NS |
|
Follow through |
30.7 (12.8) |
28.3 (9.9) |
.493 |
NS |
33.3 (12.7) |
37.9 (18.9) |
.478 |
NS |
| QUAD |
Squat * |
25.6 (5.5) |
45.4 (10.2) |
.000 |
wide>general |
88.3 (10.7) |
37.2 (12.2) |
.000 |
general>wide |
|
Ascending * |
94.2 (22.5) |
103.8 (22.8) |
.170 |
NS |
85.2 (13.3) |
67.0 (18.0) |
.002 |
general>wide |
|
Stride |
|
101.9 (25.1) |
102.2 (15.3) |
.965 |
NS |
|
Acceleration |
117.9 (33.2) |
131.2 (33.1) |
.184 |
NS |
118.2 (21.6) |
110.7 (17.2) |
.210 |
NS |
|
Follow through |
20.1 (9.6) |
18.2 (4.0) |
.527 |
NS |
16.4 (5.2) |
16.1 (7.7) |
.918 |
NS |
GASTRO = Gastrocnemius; TIB ANT = Tibialis anterior; BIC FEM = Biceps femoris; Quadriceps * p < 0.05; NS: no significant.
