Table 2. Average segmental contribution to the joint moment in acceleration phase (Nm). Data are means (±SD).
|
Movement (+/-) |
Advanced |
Intermediate |
Open |
Square |
Open |
Square |
|
Peak values |
Shoulder |
flexion/ extension |
4.21 (.92) |
4.59 (.86) |
6.83 (1.94) |
5.67 (1.87) |
abduction/adduction |
-2.99 (.26) |
-3.77 (.80) |
.05 (2.29) |
-.62 (1.52) |
internal/external rotation |
-1.91 (1.68) |
-5.54 (2.33) |
-8.62 (2.77) |
-5.52 (1.74) |
Elbow |
flexion/ extension |
4.25 (.72) |
7.97 (1.72) |
6.71 (2.24) |
7.71 (2.49) |
abduction/adduction |
2.07 (.85) |
2.54 (1.00) |
5.08 (1.78) |
2.78 (.58) |
internal/external rotation |
-1.70 (.83) |
-6.71 (1.84) |
-4.78 (1.40) |
-5.14 (1.77) |
Wrist |
flexion/ extension |
1.94 (.66) |
3.02 (.83) |
2.79 (.94) |
3.78 (1.79) |
abduction/adduction |
1.48 (.50) |
5.71 (1.18) |
4.41 (1.80) |
4.78 (1.71) |
pronation/supination |
-.93 (.23) |
-2.99 (.99) |
-1.43 (.54) |
-2.28 (.81) |
|
Variations |
Shoulder |
flexion/ extension |
5.76±4.90 |
6.05 (2.77) |
6.40 (3.69) |
7.60 (3.26) |
abduction/adduction |
5.83±3.09 |
7.77 (1.91) |
6.64 (2.04) |
6.86 (4.49) |
internal/external rotation |
8.82±4.94 |
11.15 (4.71) |
10.45 (4.58) |
10.42 (5.07) |
Elbow |
flexion/ extension |
5.83±2.28 |
7.44 (1.66) |
6.35 (3.89) |
6.08 (1.18) |
abduction/adduction |
5.24±2.50 |
7.08 (2.85) |
4.95 (1.88) |
6.82 (4.02) |
internal/external rotation |
6.01±3.26 |
9.08 (2.57) |
7.70 (4.49) |
9.03 (4.00) |
Wrist |
flexion/ extension |
3.95±2.00 |
5.88 (2.09) |
4.85 (3.27) |
7.78 (4.10) |
abduction/adduction |
6.11±3.40 |
10.21 (4.93) |
6.89 (2.32) |
5.66 (2.56) |
pronation/supination * |
2.80±1.21 |
5.26 (1.42) |
3.93 (2.51) |
6.11 (2.90) |
* p < 0.05 (Square > Open).