Table 2. Peak pedal reaction forces (N) and knee, ankle joint moments (Nm) (mean ± SD).
|
Without toe clip |
With toe clip |
| 0.5 kg |
1.0 kg |
1.5 kg |
0.5 kg |
1.0 kg |
1.5 kg |
|
Varus |
| Vertical PRF Yabc |
152.8 ± 31.8 |
180.3 ± 41.8 |
236.9 ± 51.1 |
155.9 ± 42.4 |
193.4 ± 43.7 |
236.3 ± 40.6 |
| Medial PRF Yabc |
21.2 ± 8.9 |
31.8 ± 9.5 |
42.8 ± 13.1 |
16.8 ± 9.6 |
29.5 ± 16.0 |
38.7 ± 17.6 |
| Knee Extension Moment Yabc |
21.4 ± 5.4 |
33.9 ± 10.0 |
39.5 ± 9.9 |
22.8 ± 6.5 |
31.7 ± 10.3 |
39.3 ± 10.0 |
| Knee Abduction Moment %Yabc |
-5.3 ± 1.9 |
-7.7 ± 2.4 |
-10.6 ± 4.3 |
-5.2 ± 2.1 |
-7.6 ± 4.0 |
-9.6 ± 3.8 |
| Knee Adduction Moment$ |
6.2 ± 0.0 |
4.8 ± 0.0 |
5.3 ± 0.0 |
4.5 ± 0.0 |
8.4 ± 0.0 |
11.8 ± 0.0 |
| Knee Int Rotation Moment*Y |
4.7 ± 2.2 |
5.8 ± 3.0 |
8.6 ± 4.0 |
3.5 ± 2.5 |
6.7 ± 4.8 |
9.9 ± 4.4 |
| Ankle Inversion Moment #Z |
1.5 ± 1.4 |
1.6 ± 1.5 |
1.4 ± 1.3 |
1.8 ± 1.8 |
2.0 ± 1.7 |
2.1 ± 1.6 |
|
Neutral |
| Vertical PRF |
158.2 ± 30.5 |
199.5 ± 44.7 |
236.5 ± 44.4 |
154.1 ± 32.9 |
192.0 ± 37.2 |
226.3 ± 49.0 |
| Medial PRF |
18.4 ± 7.6 |
31.4 ± 14.3 |
41.4 ± 13.4 |
21.3 ± 9.5 |
30.1 ± 12.5 |
37.4 ± 16.2 |
| Knee Extension Moment |
23.4 ± 7.4 |
35.3 ± 10.9 |
42.5 ± 11.7 |
26.6 ± 8.0 |
34.1 ± 11.0 |
40.3 ± 13.2 |
| Knee Abduction Moment |
-4.4 ± 2.3 |
-7.7 ± 4.3 |
-8.7 ± 5.2 |
-5.9 ± 4.2 |
-6.6 ± 3.9 |
-8.3 ± 7.1 |
| Knee Adduction Moment |
4.2 ± 1.9 |
4.5 ± 1.5 |
7.0 ± 3.4 |
4.3 ± 2.1 |
5.4 ± 1.9 |
6.1 ± 1.5 |
| Knee Int Rotation Moment |
3.6 ± 1.6 |
5.6 ± 2.0 |
7.3 ± 2.1 |
4.6 ± 2.3 |
5.4 ± 2.6 |
6.7 ± 4.4 |
| Ankle Inversion Moment |
1.4 ± 0.9 |
1.8 ± 0.9 |
2.0 ± 1.4 |
1.6 ± 1.1 |
2.0 ± 1.1 |
2.0 ± 1.4 |
|
Valgus |
| Vertical PRF |
150.7 ± 31.0 |
183.3 ± 38.1 |
225.1 ± 43.1 |
146.9 ± 34.1 |
191.9 ± 41.5 |
227.0 ± 47.6 |
| Medial PRF |
20.2 ± 6.6 |
29.3 ± 7.5 |
38.8 ± 9.9 |
19.8 ± 4.8 |
32.6 ± 10.2 |
38.1 ± 9.9 |
| Knee Extension Moment |
22.9 ± 8.0 |
31.1 ± 8.6 |
35.6 ± 10.0 |
22.1 ± 6.3 |
33.4 ± 8.9 |
36.3 ± 11.4 |
| Knee Abduction Moment |
-3.5 ± 1.3 |
-5.2 ± 1.2 |
-6.6 ± 3.0 |
-4.3 ± 1.1 |
-5.6 ± 1.2 |
-6.5 ± 2.0 |
| Knee Adduction Moment |
3.7 ± 1.6 |
4.0 ± 2.0 |
6.6 ± 5.3 |
2.7 ± 1.9 |
3.6 ± 2.1 |
4.1 ± 2.7 |
| Knee Int Rotation Moment |
4.2 ± 2.2 |
6.0 ± 1.8 |
8.7 ± 3.8 |
4.6 ± 1.8 |
7.9 ± 3.0 |
9.1 ± 3.4 |
| Ankle Inversion Moment |
0.9 ± 0.9 |
1.0 ± 1.1 |
1.2 ± 1.8 |
0.9 ± 1.0 |
1.1 ± 1.5 |
0.8 ± 1.1 |
$ 1 subject from the varus group (1/11), 3 from the neutral group (3/11), and 5 from the valgus group (5/10) showed this pattern.
% 10 participants from the varus group (10/11), 3 from the neutral group (8/11), and 5 from the valgus group (5/10) showed this pattern.
b significant difference between 1.0 – 1.5 kg
c significant difference between 0.5 – 1.5 kg. PRF: Pedal Reaction Force, Mom: moment, Ext.: External, Int.: Internal.
Z significant toe-clip main effect. Post hoc comparisons:
a significant difference between 0.5 – 1.0 kg
Y significant workload main effect
X significant group main effect
# significant group x toe-clip interaction* significant group x toe-clip x workload interaction
