Effects of Resistance Training on Arterial Stiffness in Healthy People: A Systematic Review

Table 2. Characteristics of the RCTs.

Study	N	Age	Gender	Weeks	Days/Week	Group (N) Treatment	Arterial Stiffness Outcome	Pre/Post Results	Effect size (d)
Au et al. (2017)	46	23 ±2	Male	12	2	G1(16) CB, FB, LI	cfPWV	6.4±0.7/5.7±0.6 m/s	-1.07
						G2(16) CB, FB, VI		6.2±0.6/5.8±0.8 m/s	-0.57
						G3(14) NS		5.9±0.7/6.0±0.7 m/s	0.14
Casey et al. (2007)	42	21.4 ±0.6	Male/ Female	12	3	G1(24) MA, FB, VI	cfPWV	6.5±0.14/6.3±0.19 m/s	-1.20
Casey et al. (2007)	42	21.4 ±0.6	Male/ Female	12	3	G2(18) NS	cfPWV	6.9±0.15/7.0±0.16 m/s	0.65
Cortez-Cooper et al. (2005)	33	28.4 ±1.3	Female	11	4	G1(23) CB, FB, VI	cfPWV	7.91±0.88/8.33±0.96 m/s	0.46
Cortez-Cooper et al. (2005)	33	28.4 ±1.3	Female	11	4	G2(10) NS	cfPWV	7.24±0.83/7.80±0.66 m/s	0.75
Okamoto et al. (2015)	18	23 ±1	Male/ Female	16	3	G1(9) CB, UT, VI, CT	faPWV	8.71±0.31/8.55±0.35 m/s	-0.48
Okamoto et al. (2015)	18	23 ±1	Male/ Female	16	3	G2(9) CB, UT, VI, PT	faPWV	8.46±0.34/8.49±0.35 m/s	0.09
Clark et al. (2011)	16	24.0 ±1.6	Male/ Female	4	3	G1(9) MA, LT, LI, BF	faPWV	9.26±0.39/8.73±0.32 m/s	-1.49
Clark et al. (2011)	16	24.0 ±1.6	Male/ Female	4	3	G2(7) MA, LT, VI	faPWV	8.19±0.27/7.94±0.40 m/s	-0.73
Fahs et al. (2014)	32	55 ±7	Male/ Female	6	3	G1(16) MA, LT, LI, BF	ftPWV	8.9±0.8/9.5±0.9 m/s	0.71
Fahs et al. (2014)	32	55 ±7	Male/ Female	6	3	G2(16) MA, LT, LI	ftPWV	9.0±1.2/9.0±1.1 m/s	0
Raj et al. (2012)	25	68 ±5	Male/ Female	16	2	G1(13) MA, FB, MI, ET	ftPWV	10.8±3.7/12.1±7.4 m/s	0.22
Raj et al. (2012)	25	68 ±5	Male/ Female	16	2	G2(12) MA, FB, VI, CT	ftPWV	14.5±10.3/16.0±10.8 m/s	0.14
Yasuda et al. (2015)	17	70.0 ±5.6	Male/ Female	12	2	G1(9) EB, UT, BF	CAVI	8.9±1.2/9.2±1.1 m/s	0.26
Yasuda et al. (2015)	17	70.0 ±5.6	Male/ Female	12	2	G2(8) EB, UT	CAVI	8.5±0.7/8.2±0.8 m/s	-0.40
Yasuda et al. (2014)	19	69.4 ±6.5	Male/ Female	12	2	G1(9) MA, LT, LI	CAVI	9.1±1.4/9.0±0.5 m/s	-0.10
Yasuda et al. (2014)	19	69.4 ±6.5	Male/ Female	12	2	G2(10) NS	CAVI	8.7±0.8/8.5±0.1 m/s	-0.35
Okamoto et al. (2009a)	30	20.1 ±0.4	Male/ Female	10	2	G1(10) CB, UT, VI	baPWV	11.21±0.40/12.66±0.54 m/s	3.05
						G2(10) CB, LT, VI		11.55±0.35/11.46±0.37 m/s	-0.25
						G3(10) NS		no data	-
Nitzsche et al. (2016)	41	23.8 ±2.3	Male/ Female	-	-	G1(10) FW, FB, LI	cfPWV	5.26±0.48/5.97±0.65 m/s	1.24
						G2(15) FW, FB, MI		5.45±0.40/5.87±0.37m/s	1.09
						G3(16) FW, FB, VI		5.30±0.45/5.48±0.50 m/s	0.38
Kingsley et al. (2017)	52	23.0 ±0.5	Male/ Female	-	-	G1(26) FW, FB, VI	aPWV	5.3±0.7/5.8±0.7 m/s	0.71
Kingsley et al. (2017)	52	23.0 ±0.5	Male/ Female	-	-	G2(26) NS	aPWV	5.4±0.7/5.3±0.6 m/s	-0.15
Lefferts et al. (2015)	40	24 ±4	Male/ Female	-	-	G1(20) FW, UT, VI	aPWV	5.1±0.5/6.0±0.7 m/s	1.48
Lefferts et al. (2015)	40	24 ±4	Male/ Female	-	-	G2(20) NS	aPWV	5.1±0.5/5.2±0.5 m/s	0.20
Augustine et al. (2014)	18	24 ±6	Male	-	-	G1(9) FW, UT, VI	aPWV	5.4±0.5/5.6±0.5 m/s	0.40
Augustine et al. (2014)	18	24 ±6	Male	-	-	G2(9) NS	aPWV	5.6±0.7/5.5±0.6 m/s	-0.16
Okamoto et al. (2014)	20	26 ±5	Male/ Female	-	-	G1(10) FW, UT, LI	AIx	-5±2/-15±3 %	-3.92
Okamoto et al. (2014)	20	26 ±5	Male/ Female	-	-	G2(10) NS	AIx	-4±2/-5±2 %	-0.50
Yoon et al. (2010)	26	20.8 ±2.2	Male	-	-	G1(13) CB, FB, MI	AIx	-13.4±0.8/-10.3±0.8 %	3.88
Yoon et al. (2010)	26	20.8 ±2.2	Male	-	-	G2(13) NS	AIx	-6.9±7.3/-9.4±6.0 %	-0.37

FW: free wheights; CB: combined; EB: elastic bands; MA: machines; FB: full body; UT: upper train; LT: lower train; LI: low intensity; MI: moderate intensity; VI: vigorous intensity; NS: no strength; CT: continuous training; PT: periodic training; BF: blood flow restriction; ET: eccentric training; CT: concentric training; aPWV: aortic pulse wave velocity; AIx: augmentation index; cfPWV: carotid femoral pulse wave velocity; faPWV: femoral ankle pulse wave velocity; CAVI: cardio-ankle vascular index; ftPWV: femoral tibial pulse wave velocity; baPWV: brachial ankle pulse wave velocity.