Table 2. Substrate utilization and hormone concentrations.

	Trial	PRE	POST0	POST120	POST240
Blood glucose (mg/dL)	EF + CHO	86.2 ± 5.4	96.2 ± 12.6 **	99.8 ± 11.1 **	74.3 ± 17.3 *,† † ,‡‡
	LF + CHO	82.8 ± 5.8	90.4 ± 11.9 **	90.7 ± 15.4 **	73.0 ± 12.5 *,† † ,‡‡
	EF + MILK	85.8 ± 5.3	95.6 ± 15.1 **	96.5 ± 14.8 **	81.1 ± 15.2 *,† † ,‡‡
	LF + MILK	85.4 ± 7.2	101.3 ± 16.1 **	99.8 ± 16.0 **	78.9 ± 9.3 *,† † ,‡‡
Blood lactate (mmol/L)	EF + CHO	1.5 ± 0.3	3.7 ± 1.3 **	2.4 ± 0.5 **,† †	2.3 ± 0.4 **,† † ,‡‡
	LF + CHO	1.4 ± 0.2	5.0 ± 2.8 **	2.3 ± 0.6 **,† †	2.4 ± 0.6 **,† † ,‡‡
	EF + MILK	1.5 ± 0.4	4.4 ± 2.3 **	2.0 ± 0.3 **,† †	1.9 ± 0.4 **,† † ,‡‡
	LF + MILK	1.4 ± 0.3	4.6 ± 2.9 **	1.8 ± 0.4 **,† †	2.0 ± 0.4 **,† † ,‡‡
Serum free fatty acids (µEq/L)	EF + CHO	0.44 ± 0.14	1.47 ± 0.39 **	0.13 ± 0.02 **,† †	0.08 ± 0.03 **,† † ,‡‡
	LF + CHO	0.53 ± 0.19	1.45 ± 0.45 **	0.13 ± 0.04 **,† †	0.09 ± 0.03 **,† † ,‡‡
	EF + MILK	0.41 ± 0.20	1.37 ± 0.40 **	0.19 ± 0.07 **,† †	0.13 ± 0.03 **,† † ,‡‡
	LF + MILK	0.54 ± 0.24	1.36 ± 0.39 **	0.18 ± 0.06 **,† †	0.13 ± 0.05 **,† † ,‡‡
Serum insulin (µU/mL)	EF + CHO	5.6 ± 1.4	7.1 ± 3.8	39.8 ± 16.7 **,† †	36.7 ± 21.9 **,† †
	LF + CHO	4.5 ± 1.4	5.1 ± 2.7	31.8 ± 13.4 **,† †	34.1 ± 20.5 **,† †
	EF + MILK	4.9 ± 1.7	6.2 ± 3.6	32.2 ± 18.0 **,† †	34.3 ± 20.2 **,† †
	LF + MILK	5.6 ± 1.2	6.0 ± 2.9	29.8 ± 12.0 **,† †	29.8 ± 19.0 **,† †
Respiratory exchange ratio	EF + CHO	0.77 ± 0.05	0.81 ± 0.05	0.82 ± 0.02 *	0.86 ± 0.04 **,† † ,‡
	LF + CHO	0.74 ± 0.05	0.80 ± 0.07	0.80 ± 0.04 *	0.85 ± 0.05 **
	EF + MILK	0.77 ± 0.05	0.79 ± 0.04	0.77 ± 0.03 §§,||	0.85 ± 0.04 **,† ,‡‡
	LF + MILK	0.74 ± 0.04	0.81 ± 0.05 **	0.78 ± 0.03 §§	0.87 ± 0.09 **,‡‡
Average carbohydrate oxidation (g/min)	EF + CHO	0.08 ± 0.07	0.51 ± 0.27 **	0.13 ± 0.03 **,† † ,‡‡	0.18 ± 0.05 **,† † ,‡‡
	LF + CHO	0.05 ± 0.07	0.59 ± 0.41 **	0.12 ± 0.06 **,† † ,‡‡	0.18 ± 0.08 **,† † ,‡‡
	EF + MILK	0.08 ± 0.06	0.51 ± 0.31 **	0.08 ± 0.04 **,† † ,‡‡	0.19 ± 0.08 **,† † ,‡‡
	LF + MILK	0.04 ± 0.04	0.63 ± 0.25 **	0.09 ± 0.03 **,† † ,‡‡	0.20 ± 0.09 **,† † ,‡‡
Average fat oxidation (g/min)	EF + CHO	0.09 ± 0.02	0.38 ± 0.21 **	0.08 ± 0.02 † †	0.06 ± 0.02 **,† † ,‡‡
	LF + CHO	0.10 ± 0.02	0.46 ± 0.18 **	0.08 ± 0.02 † †	0.06 ± 0.02 **,† † ,‡‡
	EF + MILK	0.09 ± 0.02	0.47 ± 0.18 **	0.10 ± 0.02 † †	0.06 ± 0.02 **,† † ,‡‡
	LF + MILK	0.10 ± 0.02	0.47 ± 0.19 **	0.10 ± 0.02 † †	0.06 ± 0.02 **,† † ,‡‡

Values are mean ± SD. EF, early follicular phase; LF, late follicular phase; CHO, carbohydrate beverage; MILK, co-ingestion of carbohydrate with milk. PRE, before exercise; POST0, immediately after exercise; POST120, 120 min post-exercise; POST240, 240 min post-exercise.*p < 0.05 vs. PRE;**p < 0.01 vs. PRE;† p < 0.05 vs. POST0;† † p < 0.01 vs. POST0;‡p < 0.05 vs. POST120;‡‡p < 0.01 vs. POST120;§§p < 0.01 vs. EF + CHO,||p < 0.1 vs. LF + CHO.