Table 2. The integrated electromyography (iEMG) mean ± SD, median and interquartile range (IQR) of the rectus abdominis (RA), external oblique (EO), latissimus dorsi (LD), erector spinae (ES), biceps femoris (BF), vastus lateralis (VL), tibialis anterior (TA) and gastrocnemius medialis (GM) in the push-off phase for each studied backstroke-to-breaststroke turning technique and respective of χ ² and p-values of the comparisons among techniques.

iEMG (%)	Turning techniques												χ 2	P<
	Open			Somersault			Bucket			Crossover
	Mean±SD	Median	IQR	Mean±SD	Median	IQR	Mean±SD	Median	IQR	Mean±SD	Median	IQR
RA	22.39±15.25	22.40	20.45	22.42±19.31	22.20	32.83	19.83±18.65	16.90	22.05	28.81±12.96	28.80	6.98	4.72	0.19
EO	3.30±4.36	0.80	5.43	2.89±4.60	0.45	2.70	2.93±4.80	0.60	2.63	4.32±1.99	4.30	2.10	9.19	0.03
LD	18.49±15.35	15.25	4.08	1.57±1.03	1.60	0.63	3.39±1.42	3.40	0.35	32.42±11.87	32.40	0.83	43.28	0.001
ES	42.78±15.35	42.80	1.95	32.41±16.08	32.40	13.05	54.88±21.73	54.90	13.12	63.89±16.14	63.90	10.50	24.55	0.001
BF	29.81±15.85	29.80	11.4	48.81±16.08	48.80	34.65	43.51± 5.47	43.50	32.60	35.80±19.41	35.80	9.83	9.27	0.03
VL	60.72±12.98	60.70	9.60	60.40±34.88	60.40	66.13	48.49± 5.55	32.30	37.47	39.28±22.80	39.30	25.90	11.16	0.001
TA	62.61±30.70	62.60	21.75	66.09±27.75	66.10	42.95	67.18± 6.42	67.20	99.70	55.23±29.59	55.20	41.15	1.94	0.59
GM	77.12±38.96	77.70	67.61	71.78±27.75	92.70	80.73	77.76± 5.74	76.05	92.50	91.38±48.40	98.25	69.55	1.88	0.61