Table 2. Risk of bias assessment.
Authors &
Year |
Eligibility
Criteria specified |
Random
allocation of participants |
Allocation
concealed |
Groups
similar at baseline |
Assessors
blinded |
Outcome
measures assessed in 85% of participants |
Intention
to treat analysis |
Reporting
of between group statistical comparison |
Point measures
and measures of variability reported for main effects |
Total |
Abassi et
al. 2022 |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
6 |
Ahmadi et
al. 2020 |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
6 |
Boer et al.
2014 |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
7 |
Chuensiri
et al. 2017 |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
5 |
Cvetkovic
et al. 2018 |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
5 |
Delgado-Floody
et al. 2018 |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
5 |
Dias et al.
2018 |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
7 |
Espinoza
Silva et al. 2023 |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
4 |
Espinoza
Silva et al. 2019 |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
5 |
Ketelhut
et al. 2020 |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
6 |
Khaliltahmasebi
et al. 2022 |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
5 |
Kranen et
al. 2023 |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
7 |
Martin et
al. 2015 |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
5 |
Martínez-Vizcaíno
et al. 2022 |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
5 |
Meng et al.
2022 |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
6 |
McNarry et
al. 2021 |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
5 |
Oliveira
et al. 2022 |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
5 |
Paahoo et
al. 2021 |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
6 |
Plavsic et
al. 2020 |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
7 |
Racil et
al. 2013 |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
5 |
Racil et
al. 2016a |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
4 |
Racil et
al. 2016b |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
4 |
Rosenkranz
et al. 2012 |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
5 |
Salus et
al. 2022a |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
3 |
Salus et
al. 2022b |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
4 |
Tadiotto
et al. 2023 |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
5 |
Tas et al.
2023 |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
6 |
Taylor et
al. 2019 |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
5 |
Tjønna et
al. 2009 |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
7 |
van Biljon
et al. 2018 |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
4 |
Williams
et al. 2022 |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
5 |
‘low (✓), ‘high (x) and unclear (?)