Table 2. Descriptive statistics (mean ± standard deviation) for the Balance Error Scoring System at two assessment points in four groups.
|
G1 |
G2 |
G3 |
G4 |
F |
p
value |
ES (η2p) |
| Sfi |
Pre |
1.78 ±
1.48 |
1.56 ±
1.33 |
2.11 ±
1.90 |
1.22 ±
0.97 |
0.591 |
0.626 |
0.052 |
| Post |
0.56
± 0.73 |
1.67
± 1.23 |
0.67
± 1.12 |
0.11
± 0.33 |
4.579 |
0.009‡ |
0.300 |
|
(Effect) |
Interaction |
Group |
Time |
| p
value |
0.001* |
0.754 |
0.000* |
0.003* |
0.017† |
0.321 |
0.000† |
| ES
(η2p) |
0.274 |
0.003 |
0.346 |
0.238 |
0.271 |
0.102 |
0.460 |
| Tfi |
Pre |
1.00 ±
1.66 |
0.78 ±
1.09 |
1.56 ±
1.51 |
1.11 ±
1.27 |
0.492 |
0.691 |
0.044 |
| Post |
0.33
± 0.50 |
0.78
± 0.97 |
0.11
± 0.33 |
0.22
± 0.44 |
2.049 |
0.127 |
0.161 |
|
(Effect) |
Interaction |
Group |
Time |
| p
value |
0.123 |
1.000 |
0.002* |
0.043* |
0.132 |
0.970 |
0.001† |
| ES
(η2p) |
0.073 |
0.000 |
0.269 |
0.122 |
0.159 |
0.008 |
0.284 |
| Sfo |
Pre |
3.89 ±
1.90 |
4.78 ±
1.72 |
4.56 ±
2.13 |
4.44 ±
1.51 |
0.385 |
0.764 |
0.035 |
| Post |
1.67
± 1.12 |
3.89
± 1.45 |
1.22
± 0.83 |
1.89
± 0.78 |
10.762 |
0.000‡ |
0.502 |
|
(Effect) |
Interaction |
Group |
Time |
| p
value |
0.000* |
0.070 |
0.000* |
0.000* |
0.008† |
0.068 |
0.000† |
| ES
(η2p) |
0.407 |
0.099 |
0.607 |
0.476 |
0.303 |
0.197 |
0.738 |
| Tfo |
Pre |
2.11 ±
1.05 |
2.67 ±
1.87 |
3.78 ±
1.56 |
3.33 ±
1.50 |
2.082 |
0.122 |
0.163 |
| Post |
1.22
± 0.67 |
3.11
± 1.45 |
1.22
± 0.67 |
0.89
± 0.78 |
10.215 |
0.000‡ |
0.489 |
|
(Effect) |
Interaction |
Group |
Time |
| p
value |
0.068 |
0.351 |
0.000* |
0.000* |
0.000† |
0.106 |
0.000† |
| ES
(η2p) |
0.101 |
0.027 |
0.480 |
0.458 |
0.463 |
0.172 |
0.512 |
| Total |
Pre |
8.78 ±
4.30 |
9.78 ±
4.92 |
12.00 ±
4.50 |
10.11 ±
2.67 |
0.933 |
0.436 |
0.080 |
| Post |
3.78
± 1.72 |
9.44
± 3.58 |
3.22
± 1.72 |
3.33
± 1.23 |
16.169 |
0.000‡ |
0.603 |
|
(Effect) |
Interaction |
Group |
Time |
| p
value |
0.000* |
0.746 |
0.000* |
0.000* |
0.000† |
0.107 |
0.000† |
| ES
(η2p) |
0.429 |
0.003 |
0.699 |
0.580 |
0.540 |
0.171 |
0.766 |
*Indicates p < 0.05 between the pretest and posttest within each group and for each condition;
†Indicates p < 0.05 for the interaction effect, group effect, or time effect;
‡Indicates p < 0.05 between four groups at pretest or posttest. ES: effect size; G1, tDCS group; G2, sham tDCS group; G3, tDCS with balance training group; G4, sham tDCS with balance training group; tDCS, transcranial direct current stimulation; Sfi, single-leg stance on a firm surface; Tfi, tandem stance on a firm surface; Sfo, single-leg stance on a foam surface; Tfo, tandem stance on a foam surface.
