 |
| |
| Research Study | Subject characteristics | Kick | Approach (steps – angle) |
Ball speed (m×s-1) |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | Age (Years) | Training status | ||||
| Asami and Nolte (1983) | 4 | N/A | Professional | Instep | N/A | 29.9 (2.9) |
| Narici et al. (1988) | 11 | 25.1 (5.0) | Amateurs | Powerful | N/A | 20.0 (3.6) |
| Opavsky (1988) | 6 | N/A | N/A | Instep | 6-8 steps | 23.48 – 30.78 |
| Luhtanen (1988) | 29 | 10.3-17.1 | Trained | Instep | 2 step | 14.9 – 22.2 |
| Kermond & Konz (1978) | 1 | 22 | Trained | Punt | 2 step | 25.8 (2.2) |
| Isokawa and Lees (1988) | 6 | 20 – 26 | Trained | Instep | 1 step, 0° 1 step, 45° 1 step, 90° |
18.73 (.95) 20.14 (1.58) 19.13 (1.64) |
| Poulmedis et al. (1988) | 11 | 25.5 (3.0) | Trained | Instep | N/A | 27.08 (1.32) |
| Rodano and Tavana (1993) | 10 | 17.6 (.5) | Professional | Instep | 2 step | 22.3 – 30.0 |
| Dorge et al. (2002) | 7 | 26.4 | Skilled | Instep | 3 m, 0° | 24.7 (2.5) |
| Ekblom (1994) | N/A | N/A | Professional | Instep | N/A | 32-35 |
| Levanon & Dapena (1998) | 6 | Inter-collegiate | Experienced | Instep | N/A | 28.6 (2.2) |
| Barfield et al. (2002) | 2 M 6 F |
19-22 | Elite players | Instep | 2 step, 45-60° | 25.3 (1.51)(M) 21.5 (2.44) (F) |
| Barfield (1995) | 18 | 20.7 (1.7) | Amateurs | Instep | 2 step, 45-60° | 26.4 (2.09) |
| Nunome et al. (2002) | 5 | High – school | Experienced | Instep | N/A | 28.0 (2.1) |
| Nunome et al. (2006a) | 5 | 16.8(.4) | Skilled | Instep | N/A | 32.1 (1.7) |
| Nunome et al. (2006b) | 9 | 27.6 (5.6) | Experienced | Instep | N/A | 26.3 (3.4) |
| Apriantono et al. (2006) | 7 | 20.0 (2.1) | Amateurs | Instep | N/A | 28.4 (1.6) |
| Tol et al. (2002) | 15 | 27.4 | Amateurs | Instep | N/A | 18.9 – 29.8 |
| Roberts et al. (1974) | 1 | 25 | Experienced | Toe | 2 step | 24.09 |
| Tsaousidis & Zatsiorsky (1996) | 2 | College | Amateurs | Toe | N/A | 24.9 (1.1) |
| Taina et al. (1993) | 15 | 18.1 (.3) | 4th Division | Instep | N/A | 96.02 (9.06 )Km/h |
| Trolle et al. (1993) | 24 | N/A | Elite players | Instep | N/A | 99.3-103.6 Km/h |
| Cometti et al. (1988) | 95 | 25.0 (4.6) | Professional Amateurs |
Instep | Free run | 106.37(12.89)Km/h 106.94(7.52)Km/h |
| Asai et al. (2002) | 6 | N/A | Univ. Players | Curve | N/A | 25.44 (.76) |
| Manolopoulos et al. (2006) | 10 | 19.9 (.4) | Amateurs | Instep | 2 step | 27.9 (1.8) |
| Kellis et al. (2004) | 10 | 21.3 (1.4) | Trained | Instep | 1 step, 0° 1 step, 45° 1 step, 90° |
19.79 (1.49) 20.41 (2.44) 18.51 (3.09) |
| Kellis et al. (2006) | 10 | 22.6 (2.0) | Amateurs | Instep | 2step, pre-fatigue 2step, post fatigue |
24.69 (1.8) 21.78 (2.2) |