The Effect Of Different Corrective Feedback Methods on the Outcome and Self Confidence of Young Athletes

Table 3. Comparisons of all self confidence group means and skills for three measurement times.

Group & Difficulty	Group*		M_diff	p^†
Pretest
Forehand Clear	1	2	-.12	.68
	1	3	.55	.34
	1	4	.16	.68
	2	3	.67	.29
	2	4	.28	.62
	3	4	-.39	.51
Backhand Clear	1	2	.28	.42
	1	3	.21	.46
	1	4	.16	.83
	2	3	-.07	.72
	2	4	-.12	.86
	3	4	-.05	.91
Posttest
Forehand Clear	1	2	2.44*	.014
	1	3	-.01	.89
	1	4	.21	.81
	2	3	-2.45*	.014
	2	4	.76	.80
	3	4
Backhand Clear	1	2	.51	.26
	1	3	-1.94*	.022
	1	4	.59	.25
	2	3	-2.45*	.018
	2	4	-.33	.31
	3	4	2.53*	.018
Retention
Forehand Clear	1	2	2.18*	.016
	1	3	-.16	.78
	1	4	2.95*	.008
	2	3	-2.34*	.014
	2	4	.77	.21
	3	4	3.11*	.001
Backhand Clear	1	2	.58	.24
	1	3	-1.87*	.026
	1	4	.65	.22
	2	3	-2.45*	.028
	2	4	.07	.63
	3	4	2.52*	.27

Abbreviations: = positive feedback and correct cues; = error cues; = positive feedback, correct and error cues; = control group. = significant mean difference, p<.05. = bonferroni correction.