Table 3 The long-term effects of WBV on neurological conditions.

Reference	Ability assessed*	Outcome measure†	AT‡	WBV W-G sig§	Control(s) W-G sig**	B-G sig† †	Exercis protocol‡‡
Cerebral Palsy
Ahlborg et al.(2006)	Gait Bal & Mob Mot Imp Strength Spasticity	6-min walk (min) TUG (s) GMFM (%) CPT 30o (Nm) EPT 30o (Nm) MAS Knee Fx (score) MAS Knee Xt (score)	8 weeks (3d/w)	Ø Ø â†‘ Ø (WL), Ø (SL) Ø (WL), Ø (SL) Ø (WL), Ø (SL) Ø (WL), ↓ (SL)	Ø Ø Ø â†‘ (WL), ↑ (SL) ↑ (WL), Ø (SL) Ø (WL), Ø (SL) Ø (WL), Ø (SL)	-- -- Ø Ø Ø -- --	V: 1-4 sets, 30-110s + 15-120s rest, SP Ex: 3 sets, 10-15 reps + 2min rest, 7-10RM
Multiple Sclerosis
Broekmans et al.(2010)	Bal & Mob Strength Endurance	2-min walk (min) TUG (s) T-25-fWT (s) IMPT (Nm) IKPT 60o (Nm) IKPT 180o/s (J)	20 weeks (5d/2w)	Ø Ø Ø Ø (Fx), Ø (Xt) Ø (Fx), Ø (Xt) Ø (Fx), Ø (Xt)	Ø Ø Ø â†‘ (Fx), Ø (Xt) Ø (Fx), Ø (Xt) Ø (Fx), Ø (Xt)	Ø Ø Ø Ø Ø Ø	V: 1-3 sets, 30-60s + 120s rest, SP, DP C: rest
Schyns et al. (2009)	Gait Bal & Mob Strength Spasticity	10m walk (m/s) TUG (s) Muscle force max (N) MAS Q, H (score) MSSS-88 (score)	8 weeks (3d/w)	↑ for V1 & V2 ↑ for V1 & V2 Ø for V1 & V2 Ø for V1 & V2 ↑ pain for V1, Ø for V2 ↑ spasm for V1 & V2(V+Ex>Ex)	N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A	Ø Ø Ø Ø -- --	30s V1: 4weeks V+Ex, 2weeks rest, 4weeks Ex V2: 4weeks Ex, 2weeks rest, 4weeks V+Ex
Parkinson’s Disease
Arias et al. (2009)	Bal & Mob Mot Imp	FRT (mm) BBS (score) UPDRS (score)	5 weeks	↑ ↑ ↓	↑ ↑ ↓	Ø Ø Ø	V: 5sets x 1min +1min rest, SP PL: as V without vibration
Brogardh et al. (2010)	Gait Strength	TUG (s) 6-min walk (s) CGS/ FGS (s) IMPT (Nm) IKPT (Nm)	5 weeks 2d/w	Ø Ø Ø Ø Ø	N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A	N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A	10sessions, 40-60s, 4-10sets, 1min rest, SP No C
Ebersbach et al. (2008)	Gait Bal & Mob Mot Imp	SWS (s) TBS (score) Posturgraphy (score) UPDRS (score)	3 weeks/ 4 weeks (5d/w)	↓/ maintained ↑/ maintained Ø â†“/ maintained	↓/ maintained ↑/ maintained Ø â†“/ maintained	Ø Ø Ø	3ses/d, 40min PT (for V&C) 2 ses/d, 15min WBV (for V)
Spinal cord injury
Ness et al. (2009)	Gait	10m walk (m/s)	4 weeks	Speed, Cadence, SSL, WSL: ↑	N/A	N/A	4 x 45s +1min rest, SP No C
Stroke
Van Nes et al. (2006)	Bal & Mob	BBS (score) RMI (score)	6 weeks/ 12 weeks	↑/ maintained ↑/ maintained	↑/ maintained ↑/ maintained	Ø	4x45sec +1min rest between, SP

Ability assessed: Balance & Mobility (Bal & Mob); Motor Impairment (Mot Imp) Outcome measures: Timed-Up-and-Go test (TUG); Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM); Concentric Peak Torque (CPT); Eccentric Peak Torque (EPT); Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS); Flexors (Fx); Extensors (Xt); Timed 25-feet walk test (T25-fWT); Quadriceps (Q); Hamstrings (H); Multiple Sclerosis Spasticity Scale (MSSS-88); Stand-walk-sit test (SWS); Tinetti Balance Scale (TBS); Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS); Functional Reach Test (FRT); Berg Balance Scale (BBS); Comfortable gait speed test (CGS); Fast gait speed test (FGS); Maximal isometric peak torque (IMPT); Maximal isokinetic peak torque (IKPT); Rivermead Mobility Index (RMI) Assessment Time (AT); Days per week (d/w) Whole-body vibration (WBV); Within-group significance (W-G sig); Not statistically significant (ø); Weak leg step length (WSL); Statistically significant decrease (↓); Strong leg step length (SSL); Statistically significant increase (↑) Non applicable (N/A), Not reported (--) Between-group significance (B-G sig) Exercise protocol: Vibration group (V); Repetitions (reps); Exercise (Ex); Static position (SP); Dynamic position (DP); Sessions per day (ses/d); Placebo group (PL)