Kinematic and Kinetic Profiles of Trunk and Lower Limbs during Baseball Pitching in Collegiate Pitchers

Table 3. Trunk kinematics and temporal parameter data. Values are expressed as mean (± SD).

Variable	High velocity group (n =10)	Low velocity group (n =10)	p	ES
Angles
Upper Torso
Angle at MKH (°)	-23.2 (17.2)	-17.6 (13.1)	.45	.35
Angle at MAP (°)	-30.4 (4.3)	-30.6 (13.9)	.97	.02
Angle at SFC (°)	-34.1 (7.3)	-28.6 (9.5)	.19	.61
Angle at MER (°)	82.6 (6.2)	82.3 (10.2)	.94	.04
Angle at REL (°)	124.0 (6.6) **	115.4 (5.3)	.01	1.36
Pelvis
Angle at MKH (°)	-32.9 (20.4)	-30.5 (17.6)	.80	.12
Angle at MAP (°)	-21.3 (13.1)	-15.4 (7.7)	.26	.52
Angle at SFC (°)	15.7 (8.1)	15.7 (7.8)	.99	.00
Angle at MER (°)	93.8 (5.8)	88.6 (8.9)	.16	.66
Angle at REL (°)	102.8 (5.3)	96.3 (8.6)	.07	.86
Trunk twist
Angle at MKH (°)	9.7 (10.0)	13.0 (7.3)	.44	.35
Angle at MAP (°)	-9.2 (12.3)	-15.2 (14.2)	.35	.43
Angle at SFC (°)	-49.8 (11.2)	-44.3 (9.3)	.27	.50
Angle at MER (°)	-11.2 (6.7)	-6.3 (10.9)	.27	.51
Angle at REL (°)	21.2 (6.9)	19.0 (6.7)	.52	.30
Forward trunk tilt
Angle at MKH (°)	-3.0 (4.0)	-4.1 (5.5)	.62	.23
Angle at MAP (°)	-16.7 (4.2) *	-12.0 (4.3)	.03	1.05
Angle at SFC (°)	-3.1 (5.2)	-4.3 (3.9)	.58	.25
Angle at MER (°)	15.9 (6.1) *	9.2 (7.4)	.05	.93
Angle at REL (°)	28.4 (6.9) *	19.4 (7.8)	.02	1.16
Angular velocities
Maximum Upper Torso Angular Velocity (°·s^-1)	1360.8 (106.8) **	1120.2 (120.7)	.00	1.94
Maximum Pelvis Angular Velocity (°·s^-1)	738.2 (72.8) *	638.8 (113.1)	.04	.99
Maximum Trunk Positive Twist Angular Velocity (°·s^-1)	954.8 (127.8) **	764.2 (119.6)	.00	1.43
Maximum Trunk Negative Twist Angular Velocity (°·s^-1)	462.1 (76.1) *	363.7 (117.8)	.05	.94
Maximum Forward Trunk Tilt Angular Velocity (°·s^-1)	338.2 (42.8)	307.7 (63.1)	.24	.64
Upper Torso Angular velocity at MER (°·s^-1)	1320.8 (112.4) **	1006.5 (198.5)	.00	1.85
Trunk twist Angular velocity at MER (°·s^-1)	929.3 (131.3) **	694.6 (118.1)	.00	1.78
Forward Trunk Tilt Angular velocity at SFC (°·s^-1)	121.2 (40.4) *	73.4 (36.7)	.02	1.17
Angular velocity temporal parameters
Maximum Upper Torso Angular Velocity (%time)	168.6 (6.4)	166.8 (11.7)	.69	.18
Maximum Pelvis Angular Velocity (%time)	138.9 (10.7)	138.3 (11.6)	.91	.05
Maximum Trunk Positive Twist Angular Velocity (%time)	178.9 (2.4)	181.2 (6.1)	.31	.66
Maximum Trunk Negative Twist Angular Velocity (%time)	79.9 (4.9)	79.4 (4.1)	.82	.10
Maximum Forward Trunk Tilt Angular Velocity (%time)	191.7 (9.8)	193.2 (6.3)	.71	.17

** p < 0.01, Significant difference between high and low groups.* p < 0.05, Significant difference between high and low groups.P; p value, ES; effect size value. MKH; Maximal stride knee height. MAP; Maximal anterior push-off force. SFC; Stride foot contacts ground. MER; Maximum shoulder external rotation. REL; Ball release.