Table 3. Trunk kinematic parameter difference between adolescent and collegiate pitchers. Values are expressed as mean (±SD).
| Variable |
Adolescent pitcher
(n = 32) |
Collegiate pitcher
(n = 30) |
ES |
| Angles |
| Upper Torso |
| Angle at MKH (°) |
-17.5 (51.6) |
-24.3 (16.9) |
.17 |
| Angle at MAP (°) |
-35.3 (13.7) |
-32.9 (11.3) |
.18 |
| Angle at SFC (°) |
-32.1 (13.8) |
-33.4 (9.5) |
.11 |
| Angle at MER (°) |
82.7(12) |
79.8 (23.7) |
.15 |
| Angle at REL (°) |
118.0 (8.2) |
122.5 (9.9) |
.49 |
| Pelvis |
| Angle at MKH (°) |
-36.4 (19.2) |
-34.4 (16.7) |
.11 |
| Angle at MAP (°) |
-11.1 (12.7) |
-17.6 (11.5) * |
.53 |
| Angle at SFC (°) |
16.7 (10.4) |
14.8 (9.7) |
.19 |
| Angle at MER (°) |
93.8 (8.8) |
90.2 (14.7) |
.30 |
| Angle at REL (°) |
100.9 (8.0) |
101.9 (7.3) |
.12 |
| Trunk twist |
| Angle at MKH (°) |
18.9 (58.8) |
10.1 (11.5) |
.20 |
| Angle at MAP (°) |
-24.2 (16.3) |
-15.3 (14.6) * |
.56 |
| Angle at SFC (°) |
-48.8 (14.5) |
-48.2 (11.6) |
.04 |
| Angle at MER (°) |
-11.1 (12.2) |
-10.4 (12.7) |
.06 |
| Angle at REL (°) |
17.1 (9.3) |
20.6 (8.3) |
.39 |
| Trunk tilt |
| Angle at MKH (°) |
-3.5 (6.2) |
-3.6 (4.7) |
.02 |
| Angle at MAP (°) |
-9.3 (8.5) |
-15.7 (6.2) ** |
.83 |
| Angle at SFC (°) |
-2.1 (6.6) |
-4.0 (4.8) |
.33 |
| Angle at MER (°) |
15.5 (6.1) |
12.9 (7.8) |
.37 |
| Angle at REL (°) |
29.3 (7.6) |
25.4 (7.6) |
.51 |
| Angular Velocities |
| Maximum Upper Torso Angular Velocity (°/s ) |
1170.2 (161.8) |
1273.0 (141.9) ** |
.66 |
| Maximum Pelvis Angular Velocity (°/s ) |
727.4 (118.9) |
714.0 (71.2) |
.13 |
| Maximum Trunk Positive Twist Angular Velocity (°/s ) |
821.7 (175.5) |
871.2 (149.9) |
.30 |
| Maximum Trunk Negative Twist Angular Velocity (°/s ) |
359.0 (145.9) |
397.2 (118.2) |
.28 |
| Maximum Trunk Tilt Angular Velocity (°/s ) |
381.3 (82.9) |
339.6 (59.3) * |
.57 |
| Upper Torso Angular velocity at MER (°/s) |
1052.1 (188.1) |
1172.5 (235.8) * |
.56 |
| Pelvis Angular velocity at MER (°/s) |
306.4 (129.6) |
376.7 (119.2) * |
.55 |
ES; Effect Size value. MKH; Maximal stride knee height. MAP; Maximal anterior push-off force. SFC; Stride foot contacts ground. MER; Maximum shoulder external rotation. REL; Ball release.* p < 0.05, Significant difference between adolescent and collegiate pitchers.** p < 0.01, Significant difference between adolescent and collegiate pitchers
