Table 3. Peak knee, ankle and foot angles and ROM (°) (mean ± SD).
|
Without toe clip |
With toe clip |
| 0.5 kg |
1.0 kg |
1.5 kg |
0.5 kg |
1.0 kg |
1.5 kg |
|
Varus |
| Knee Extension ROM ZYa |
74.4±5.6 |
75.1±6.3 |
74.2±5.4 |
74.3±5.7 |
74.1±5.9 |
74.0±5.5 |
| Knee Adduction Angle XYZ£ |
10.3±4.8 |
9.7±5.3 |
10.1±5.2 |
11.6±4.1 |
11.0±3.7 |
10.4±4.3 |
| Knee Abduction Angle XZ£ |
-0.3±4.6 |
-0.7±5.1 |
-0.2±4.3 |
0.3±4.5 |
0.9±3.3 |
0.0±4.0 |
| Ankle Eversion Angle |
-1.7±7.5 |
-2.0±6.6 |
-2.7±6.5 |
-2.4±6.7 |
-2.9±7.9 |
-1.4±6.8 |
| Ankle Inversion ROMY |
3.4±1.8 |
3.6±2.1 |
4.2±2.5 |
3.8±2.0 |
3.7±1.5 |
3.5±1.6 |
| Foot Eversion AngleZ |
-3.1±4.2 |
-2.8±3.7 |
-2.7±5.5 |
-5.4±3.7 |
-5.3±4.4 |
-4.8±4.6 |
| Foot Mean Ext. Rotation AngleZ% |
-15.1±4.6 |
-14.6±5.0 |
-14.2±4.6 |
-15.8±3.9 |
-15.2±4.5 |
-15.3±3.9 |
|
Neutral |
| Knee Extension ROM |
75.1±6.1 |
76.2±6.5 |
76.8±6.0 |
75.0±6.2 |
75.6±5.6 |
75.7±5.8 |
| Knee Adduction Angle |
5.2±9.3 |
5.0±8.8 |
5.2±8.9 |
6.0±8.4 |
5.5±8.7 |
5.4±9.0 |
| Knee Abduction Angle |
-5.0±5.1 |
-5.2±5.5 |
-5.6±5.4 |
-4.7±5.0 |
-5.0±5.3 |
-4.8±5.9 |
| Ankle Eversion Angle |
-2.8±4.1 |
-1.8±3.8 |
-1.1±5.2 |
-2.4±4.1 |
-1.4±2.0 |
-1.4±3.7 |
| Ankle Inversion ROM |
3.2±2.1 |
3.9±2.2 |
4.0±1.9 |
2.6±1.6 |
3.5±2.1 |
4.2±2.3 |
| Foot Eversion Angle |
-4.7±5.3 |
-2.9±4.9 |
-2.6±5.2 |
-7.1±3.9 |
-5.5±3.5 |
-4.7±3.3 |
| Foot Mean Ext. Rotation Angle |
-12.0±5.0 |
-11.1±5.5 |
-11.4±4.6 |
-13.3±4.1 |
-12.8±5.1 |
-12.5±4.7 |
|
Valgus |
| Knee Extension ROM |
73.5±6.4 |
74.0±5.3 |
73.4±5.0 |
73.3±5.2 |
73.9±6.4 |
72.8±5.1 |
| Knee Adduction Angle |
-2.2±6.4 |
-2.6±6.7 |
-2.3±7.0 |
0.1±7.5 |
-1.1±6.8 |
-1.9±6.4 |
| Knee Abduction Angle |
-10.4±4.2 |
-9.7±5.1 |
-9.9±5.7 |
-8.9±5.9 |
-9.6±4.5 |
-9.6±4.8 |
| Ankle Eversion Angle |
-3.6±4.3 |
-3.8±4.0 |
-4.0±4.4 |
-4.1±3.6 |
-3.5±4.0 |
-4.0±4.1 |
| Ankle Inversion ROM |
4.3±2.4 |
4.0±2.4 |
4.4±2.5 |
3.4±2.3 |
4.8±3.2 |
4.3±3.9 |
| Foot Eversion Angle |
-3.4±4.3 |
-3.7±5.0 |
-4.0±4.0 |
-6.8±5.1 |
-6.1±4.9 |
-6.0±4.2 |
| Foot Mean Ext. Rotation Angle |
-10.8±4.0 |
-10.4±3.9 |
-11.2±4.4 |
-13.3±4.0 |
-12.9±3.0 |
-12.7±3.7 |
% Mean angle of first 25% of pedal cycle
£ significant difference between varus and valgus. ROM: Range of Motion, Ext.: External, Int.: Internal.
c significant difference between 0.5 – 1.5 kg.
a significant difference between 0.5 – 1.0 kg
b significant difference between 1.0 – 1.5 kg
Z significant toe-clip main effect. Post hoc comparisons:
Y significant workload main effect
X significant group main effect
