Table 3. Psychological assessment tools of factors with a negative association with sports injury treatment outcomes.

Category	Scale Name and Acronym	Factor assessed	Length	Reliability: internal consistency (Cronbach Alpha)	Other useful information
Fear-avoidance response to pain	Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) (Sullivan et al., 1995)	Emotional response to pain	13 items	0.87	Items relate to rumination, magnification, and helplessness, associated with reported pain intensity and sensitivity (George and Hirsh, 2009) The PCS has demonstrated good construct and discriminant validity as a measure of catastrophizing, and displayed high test-retest reliability (Sullivan et al., 1995).
Fear-avoidance response to pain	Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK) (Huang et al., 2019; Kori et al., 1990) and TSK-11 (Woby et al., 2005))	Fear of activity and re-injury	17 item and 11 item versions	0.76 (TSK) 0.79 (TSK-11)	Kvist et al. (2005) adapted for use in ACL patients Can change throughout time, often high in early treatment and seems to persist in patient having trouble with rehabilitation
Fear-avoidance response to pain	Fear Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire (FABQ) (Waddell et al., 1993)	Tests association between fear avoidance and work/ activity disability	16 items	0.77-0.88	Used across broad spectrum of orthopedic settings. The FABQ is unique in that it also assesses the effects of pain in the workplace
Fear-avoidance response to pain	Fear of Pain Questionnaire (FPQ-III) (McNeil and Rainwater, 1998)	Measures fear of pain	30 items	0.92 total scale, 0.87-0.88 subscales	Correlated with pain sensitivity in persons with shoulder pain (George et al., 2008). Validated in healthy controls, along with inpatient and outpatient pain patients receiving treatment for acute or chronic pain.
Psychological Distress	Emotional Responses of Athletes to Injury Questionnaire (ERAIQ) (Smith et al., 1990)	Emotional impact of injury and perceived social support	12 items	Not performed	Initially developed from clinical interviews and is a psychosocial assessment for injured athletes (Smith et al., 1990). The ERAIQ consists of a list of emotions that respondents rank from 0 to 12, with higher scores reflecting greater emotional disturbance. Used extensively in sports med and with ACL reconstruction. Convergent validity with Short Profile of Mood (LaMott, 1994).
Psychological Distress	Surgery Stress Scale (SSS) (Rosenberger et al., 2009)	Perceived stress about knee surgery process	4 items	0.76	Stress was predictive of postoperative pain 1 year postop(Rosenberger et al., 2009)
Psychological Distress	Perceived Stress Scale-10 (PSS) (Cohen et al., 1994)	Measures degree to which situations are appraised as stressful	10 items	0.89 total, 0.85-0.82 subscales	The PSS-10 yields a total score along with sub-scores for perceived helplessness and perceived self-efficacy. Items are rated on a 5-point Likert scale.
Psychological Distress	State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) (Spielberger, 2010)	Measures chronic level of anxiety, both state and trait anxiety (scored separately)	40 items	0.89 (STAI-T subscale)	Widely used in medical, surgical and psychiatric patients. STAI- Trait (STAI-T) subscale consists of 20 statements that require respondents to rate how they generally feel on a 4-point Likert scale (Bieling et al., 1998). good demonstrated test-retest reliability (Barnes et al., 2002).
Psychological Distress	Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) (Derogatis and Melisaratos, 1983)	Psychological distress	53 items	0.95	Made up of Global Severity Index and Positive Symptom Distress subscales. Has demonstrated very good test-retest reliability (Derogatis and Melisaratos, 1983).
Depressed Mood	Beck Depression Inventory Fast Screen (BDI-FS) (Steer et al., 1999)	Assess presence and degree of depressive symptoms	7 items	0.86	The BDI and subsequent versions have been validated in a variety of medical populations. Has been utilized post-concussion in athletes (Vargas et al., 2015). Assesses symptoms of depression consistent with the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) criteria for Major Depressive Disorder
Depressed Mood	Center for Epidemiological Studies in Depression Scale (CES-D) (Radloff, 1977)	Depressive symptoms within the last week	20 items	0.90	Widely used in general and clinical populations, associated with pain preoperatively(Rosenberger et al., 2009) CES-D does not include an item addressing suicidal ideation or intent
Depressed Mood	Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale HADS (Zigmond and Snaith, 1983)	Detects mood disorders	14 items	0.83 for anxiety, 0.82 for Depression (Bjelland et al., 2002)	Developed for use among patients with concomitant physical health problems. Includes only cognitive and emotional symptoms of depression and anxiety, thereby avoiding mislabeling the physical symptoms of depression, such as fatigue and hypersomnia. Used in non-psychiatric populations. Extensively studied and validated (Bjelland et al., 2002)
Depressed Mood	Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) (Kroenke et al., 2001)	Measures how often athletes exhibit 9 signs of depression as diagnosed by the DSM-IV	9 items	0.89	Brief measure also based on DSM-IV criteria for Major Depressive Disorder
Depressed Mood	Shortened Profile of Mood States (S-POMS) (Shacham, 1983)	Used to assess temporary mood states across 6 spectrums of emotion	37 items	0.87 Total mood disturbance, 0.76-0.93 subscales (Curran et al., 1995)	Designed to assess transient, distinct mood states in healthy and medical patient populations
Depressed Mood	Distress and Risk Assessment Method (DRAM) (Main et al., 1992)	Measures depressive symptoms among 4 domains: pervasive affect, physiological equivalents, other disturbances, and psychomotor activities	20 items	0.82 (depression scale), (Gabrys and Peters, 1985) 0.78 (somatic perceptions) (Deyo et al., 1989)	Originally validated in patients with low back pain and designed as a simple screen for clinicians to determine the degree of patient distress.
Depressed Mood	Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS) (Lovibond and Lovibond, 1995)	Assessment of depressed mood, anxiety, and stress	42 items	0.84-0.97 for subscales (Parkitny and McAuley, 2010)	Contains separate subscales for depression, anxiety, and stress.
Depressed Mood	Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS) (Terry and Lane, 2003)	Measures mood across 6 subscales: anger, confusion, depression, fatigue, tension, and vigor	24 items	0.76-0.83 for subscales (Rohlfs et al., 2005)	Among elite athletes, higher BRUMS depression scores were associated with a greater number of athletic injuries and more training and competition time lost post-injury (Galambos et al., 2005).