Table 3. Muscle activation onset times for the 3 groups. All values are mean ± standard deviation.
|
Neutral |
Flatfoot |
High-arch |
P values |
Effect sizesb |
| Neutral vs Flatfoot |
Neutral vs High-arch |
Flatfoot vs High-arch |
| Tibialis anterior (s) a |
-0.16 ± 0.17 |
-0.16 ± 0.17 |
-0.18 ± 0.14 |
0.998 |
0.00 |
0.02 |
0.00 |
| Peroneal longus (s) a |
0.03 ± 0.08 |
0.08 ± 0.24 |
0.01 ± 0.08 |
0.937 |
0.04 |
0.09 |
0.00 |
| Gastrocnemius medialis (s)a |
0.06 ± 0.11 |
0.04 ± 0.14 |
0.03 ± 0.11 |
0.973 |
0.00 |
0.06 |
0.04 |
| Soleus (s) |
0.10 ± 0.14 |
0.17 ± 0.24 |
0.01 ± 0.11 |
0.164 |
0.35 |
0.81 |
0.92 |
a The data were not normally distributed.
b Cohen’s d and r were calculated when the data were normally distributed and not normally distributed, respectively.
