Table 3. The total integrated electromyography (TiEMG) mean±SD, median and interquartile range (IQR) and selected kinematic for each studied backstroke-to-breaststroke turning technique and respective of χ
2 and p-values of the comparisons among techniques.
| iEMG (%) |
Turning techniques |
χ 2 |
P< |
| Open |
Somersault |
Bucket |
Crossover |
| Mean±SD |
Median |
IQR |
Mean±SD |
Median |
IQR |
Mean±SD |
Median |
IQR |
Mean±SD |
Median |
IQR |
| TiEMGCBRO (%) |
115.4±7.0 |
116.50 |
39.85 |
106.2±12.7 |
100.3 |
62.1 |
136.8±5.2 |
136.9 |
32.4 |
212.3±7.0 |
210.0 |
48.5 |
32.95 |
0.001 |
| TiEMGLLRO (%) |
102.6±6.8 |
98.70 |
35.03 |
130.6±6.6 |
139.2 |
44.5 |
123.5±9.0 |
123.5 |
30.3 |
166.0±8.6 |
166.0 |
45.0 |
22.18 |
0.001 |
| TiEMGCBPO (%) |
87.0±9.3 |
86.05 |
46.53 |
59.0±6.2 |
60.9 |
39.8 |
81.0±7.8 |
80.7 |
33.4 |
129.4±7.2 |
125.8 |
13.4 |
27.72 |
0.001 |
| TiEMGLLPO (%) |
230.9±10.9 |
224.4 |
71.6 |
247.1±16.1 |
239.3 |
101.4 |
236.9±16.7 |
231.5 |
105.0 |
221.7±16.7 |
220.8 |
41.1 |
1.54 |
0.67 |
| Rotation time (s) |
1.31±0.05 |
1.32 |
0.35 |
1.56±0.07 |
1.58 |
0.37 |
1.36±0.07 |
1.29 |
0.39 |
1.44±0.07 |
1.48 |
0.41 |
8.57 |
0.04 |
| Push-off time (s) |
0.29±0.018 |
0.27 |
0.14 |
0.32±0.02 |
0.32 |
0.11 |
0.28±0.01 |
0.28 |
0.01 |
0.32±0.17 |
0.27 |
0.14 |
2.98 |
0.39 |
| Tuck index |
0.64±0.032 |
0.64 |
0.21 |
0.54±0.03 |
0.54 |
0.10 |
0.58±0.03 |
0.58 |
0.12 |
0.56±0.02 |
0.56 |
0.06 |
4.73 |
0.19 |
| Final push-off velocity (m/s) |
1.68±0.035 |
1.65 |
0.22 |
1.66±0.05 |
1.65 |
0.28 |
1.64±0.06 |
1.59 |
0.29 |
1.74±0.05 |
1.75 |
0.34 |
2.79 |
0.43 |
TiEMG
CBRO: total iEMG of core body muscles during rotation; TiEMG
LLRO: total iEMG of lower limbs during rotation; TiEMG
CBPO: total iEMG of core body muscles during push-off; TiEMG
LLPO: total iEMG of lower limbs during push-off.
