Table 3. Meta-analysis results of the effects of rope jumping on physical fitness of preadolescents aged 10-12 years

Index	Gender	Simple size	Publication bias	Heterogeneity test		Two-tailed test	SMD [95% CI]
				I2	p	Frequency
Height	M	520	N	0%	0.85	0.44	-0.07 [-0.24, 0.10]
	F	216	N	0%	0.57	0.55	0.08 [-0.19, 0.35]
Weight	M	520	N	0%	0.46	0.06	-0.20 [-0.38, -0.03]
	F	216	N	39%	0.18	0.86	-0.03 [-0.31, 0.26]
BMI	M	58	N	79%	0.33	0.06	-0.20 [-0.49, 0.27]
	F	30	-	-	-	0.27	-0.40 [-1.13, 0.32]
Body fit rate	M	262	Y	26%	0.03	0.25	-0.26 [-0.51, -0.02]
	F	-	-	-	-	-	-
Resting HR	M	127	N	0%	0.63	0.01	-0.26 [-0.51, -0.07]
	F	137	N	0%	0.71	0.007	-0.47 [-0.81, -0.13]
Vital capacity	M	311	N	35%	0.16	< 0.00001	0.69 [0.46, 0.92]
	F	263	N	0%	0.43	0.0003	0.39 [0.14, 0.63]
Aerobic power	M	590	N	44%	0.15	0.004	0.25 [0.08, 0.41]
	F	60	-	-	-	0.03	0.21 [-0.09, 0.62]
Speed	M	557	N	1%	0.42	< 0.00001	-0.74 [-0.97, -0.51]
	F	263	N	20%	0.29	< 0.00001	-0.50 [-0.74, -0.25]
Upper-body strength	M	60	N	0%	0.88	0.008	0.70 [0.18, 1.23]
	F	60	N	0%	0.79	0.02	0.62 [0.10, 1.14]
Lower-body strength	M	367	N	0%	0.42	0.0004	0.65 [0.29, 1.01]
	F	137	N	9%	0.34	0.07	0.35 [-0.03, 0.74]
Cardiorespiratory endurance	M	309	Y	0%	0.83	< 0.00001	-0.73 [-0.97, -0.48]
	F	263	N	0%	0.55	< 0.00001	-0.71 [-0.98, -0.43]
Muscular endurance	M	341	N	0%	0.5	< 0.00001	0.53 [0.31, 0.75]
	F	293	N	0%	0.45	0.003	0.35 [0.12, 0.58]
Flexibility	M	341	Y	12%	0.33	0.08	0.20 [-0.02, 0.43]
	F	293	N	0%	1	0.83	0.02 [-0.20, 0.25]
Coordination	M	319	N	36%	0.17	< 0.00001	1.19 [0.88, 1.50]
	F	293	N	0%	0.87	< 0.00001	1.50 [1.18, 1.81]
Balance	M	168	N	0%	0.78	0.03	0.39 [0.05, 0.72]
	F	60	N	0%	0.49	0.0004	0.97 [0.43, 1.51]
Agility	M	118	N	35%	0.22	0.0001	-0.86 [-1.31, -0.42]
	F	90	N	0%	0.63	0.003	-0.39 [-0.91, 0.12]

M, male; F, female; Y, indicates the presence of publication bias; N, indicates the absence of publication bias. "- ", indicates the absence of data