Table 3. Differences in muscle activity between HPC and HCP.
Muscle Intensity Beginner Advanced Elite
HPC (%MVIC) HCP (%MVIC) HPC (%MVIC) HCP (%MVIC) HPC (%MVIC) HCP (%MVIC)
VL 50% 1-RM Mean 163.82 152.72 247.70 195.47 324.41 239.40
SD 64.41 70.36 259.48 165.81 305.15 86.53
P 0.508 0.445 0.600
Hedges‘g 0.16 0.24 0.38
70% 1-RM Mean 208.20 213.18 321.09 215.58 248.37 279.38
SD 113..02 111.04 367.87 189.90 221.22 138.83
P 0.575 0.093 0.345
Hedges‘g 0.04 0.36 0.17
90% 1-RM Mean 203.96 225.98 307.97 273.86 249.30 311.81
SD 119.85 201.09 288.30 271.11 213.53 271.74
P 0.575 0.074 0.6
Hedges‘g 0.13 0.12 0.26
GM 50% 1-RM Mean 124.91 81.67 97.20 90.53 298.74 258.65
SD 76.67 27.32 37.72 52.44 195.54 258.35
P 0.11 0.575 0.463
Hedges‘g 0.75 0.15 0.18
70% 1-RM Mean 99.50 118.62 107.70 109.90 186.84 228.31
SD 56.46 61.97 49.80 64.81 118.48 214.59
P 0.286 0.575 0.753
Hedges‘g 0.32 0.04 0.24
90% 1-RM Mean 126.81 105.92 138.84 112.02 181.07 355.86
SD 54.65 37.07 97.81 72.81 131.97 492.89
P 0.182 0.074 0.6
Hedges‘g 0.45 0.31 0.48
RA 50% 1-RM Mean 31.62 27.43 113.37 96.82 95.00 127.65
SD 27.20 37.10 145.63 186.46 96.78 167.54
P 0.386 0.139 0.917
Hedges‘g 0.13 0.10 0.24
70% 1-RM Mean 43.74 19.56 118.89 104.47 98.13 135.09
SD 44.38 32.40 197.11 182.67 92.01 211.88
P 0.037* 0.386 0.345
Hedges‘g 0.62 0.08 0.23
90% 1-RM Mean 83.44 16.31 131.48 119.30 53.31 121.47
SD 110.92 20.41 240.55 242.76 37.95 133.22
P 0.003* 0.646 0.6
Hedges‘g 0.84 0.05 0.70
ES 50% 1-RM Mean 34.80 31.33 73.37 70.27 51.78 74.84
SD 33.50 43.94 50.72 117.20 37.84 92.60
P 0.386 0.139 0.753
Hedges‘g 0.09 0.03 0.33
70% 1-RM Mean 42.67 23.03 77.15 74.09 78.04 63.95
SD 40.91 37.05 78.53 114.27 38.01 73.67
P 0.037* 0.878 0.917
Hedges‘g 0.50 0.03 0.24
90% 1-RM Mean 72.56 17.83 99.40 83.41 29.21 107.41
SD 67.01 23.37 155.99 154.43 18.19 128.61
P 0.003* 0.646 0.686
Hedges‘g 1.06 0.10 0.81
TZ 50% 1-RM Mean 138.05 98.55 74.96 67.59 60.53 67.36
SD 120.65 82.83 37.14 20.83 32.11 35.60
P 0.008* 0.093 0.028*
Hedges‘g 0.38 0.24 1.08
70% 1-RM Mean 115.20 106.18 76.01 82.35 69.58 94.62
SD 110.94 83.04 34.12 32.21 39.12 43.46
P 0.594 0.333 0.028*
Hedges‘g 0.10 0.19 0.61
90% 1-RM Mean 94.90 112.94 72.52 84.69 61.55 90.81
SD 64.66 84.36 36.78 36.81 23.20 58.43
P 0.11 0.093 0.116
Hedges‘g 0.24 0.28 0.66
Values are presented as mean ± SD. MVIC = maximal voluntary isometric contraction; VL = M. vastus lateralis; GM = M. gluteus maximus; RA = M. rectus abdominis; ES = M. erector spinae; TZ = M. trapezius.*Statistically significant difference