The Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training on Basketball Players: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Table 3. Data extraction from selected articles.

References	Population	Intervention	C	Intervention Characteristics				Measurement	Outcome
References	Population	Intervention	C	Len/F/D	TP	Intensity	Season	Measurement	Time	Groups
Delextrat & Martinez (2014)	N = 18 M; TB: 6.8-7.2 years; EG1: A = 16.0 ± 0.6 years, H = 181 ± 7 cm, BM = 73.5 ± 6.9 kg; EG2: A = 16.3 ± 0.8 years, H = 182 ± 9 cm, BM: 74.2 ± 6.3 kg; PL: national	EG1: HIIT; EG2: SSG	N/A	Len: 6 weeks; F: 2 sessions /week; D: 8-13 min	95% of VIFT for 15-s, followed by 15-s of active recovery	HRmean: 90.5 ± 2.2% of HRmax	In- season	Cardiovascular endurance (30-15 VIFT); Repeated sprint (RSA); COD ability (T-test); Power (MBT, HJ); BP (shooting, passing skills, control dribble)	EG1 and EG2: 30-15 VIFT, control dribble test, passing skills ↑; other ↔	T-test, MBT, shooting skills ↓; others ↔ in EG1 vs. EG2
Chen et al. (2018)	N = 30 M; TB: 6.7 ± 3.8 years; EG1: A = 21.1 ± 1.7 years, H = 179.6 ± 9.6 cm, BM = 79.2 ±14.2 kg; EG2: A = 20.6 ± 1.8 years, H = 183.6 ± 9 cm, BM: 82.4 ± 14.7 kg; PL: international	EG1: HIIT EG2: shuttle run	N/A	Len: 8 weeks; F: 3 sessions /week; D: 30-36 min	Battle rope training and shuttle run training: 30-36 sets, 15-20-s exercise, 40-45-s rest	>85% of HRmax	Off- season	Cardiovascular endurance (PACER); Power (WAT, basketball chest pass, CMJ); COD ability (T-test); Muscular endurance (core endurance test); BP (free throw shooting, dynamic shooting)	EG1: all ↑ except T-test ↔; EG2: PACER, basketball chest pass ↑; WAT, CMJ, core endurance, shooting, T-test ↔	Dynamic shooting ↑; others ↔ in EG1 vs. EG2
Delextrat et al. (2018)	N = 20 M; TB: 5.2 ± 3.6 years; EG1: A = 14.4 ± 0.5 years, H = 177.6 ± 10.5 cm, BM = 76.1 ± 9.5 kg; EG2: A = 14.1 ± 0.6 years, H = 175.9 ± 13.5 cm, BM: 73.5 ± 10.0 kg; PL: national	EG1: HIIT; EG2: SSG	N/A	Len: 6 weeks; F: 2 sessions /week; D: 8-13 min	95% of VIFT for 15-s, followed by 15-s of active recovery	HRmean: 90.5 ± 2.2% of HRmax RPE: 7.8 ± 0.9	In- season	Cardiovascular endurance (30-15 VIFT); Repeated sprint (RSA)	EG1: all ↑; EG2: all ↑	NR
Sanchez-Sanchez et al. (2018)	N = 12 FM; TB: 8 years at least; A = 17.2 ± 1.1 years, H = 171.1 ± 6.3 cm, BM = 64.1 ± 7.9 kg; PL: national	EG1: HIIT with 3 COD EG2: HIIT with 1 COD	N/A	Len: 6 weeks; F: 2 sessions /week; D: 15 min	90% of VIFT for 10-s, followed by 10-s of active recovery with 3 or 1 COD (180°), 2 sets, 6-min of passive recovery between sets	90% of VIFT	NR	COD ability (modified T-test, V-cut); Cardiovascular endurance (30-15 VIFT); Repeated sprint (RSA)	EG1: all ↑; EG2: V-cut↑, T-test, RSA, 30-15 VIFT↔;	RSA, 30-15 VIFT↑; others ↔ in EG1 vs. EG2
Aschendorf et al. (2019)	N = 24 FM; TB: NR; A = 15.1 ± 1.1 years, H = 170 ± 5.2 cm, BM = 60.9 ± 6.0 kg; PL: national	HIIT	RT	Len: 5 weeks; F: 2 sessions /week; D: 25 min	Basketball-specific high- intensity training; A: 4 sets * 4-min high- intensity intervals, 3-min rest between sets; B: 2 sets * 15 reps * 30-s high-intensity intervals, 15-s rest between reps, 3-min rest between sets	90–95% of HRmax	In- season	Cardiovascular endurance (Yo-Yo IR 1); COD ability (20-m COD sprint); Power (CMJ, SJ, SLJ, basketball chest pass)	EG : Yo-Yo ↑; others ↔	Yo-Yo ↑; others ↔
Gantois et al. (2019)	N = 17 M; TB: NR; A = 21.2 ± 2.3 years, H = 180 ± 5.8 cm, BM = 81.1 ± 12.6 kg, PL: national	HIIT	RT	Len: 6 weeks; F: 3-4 sessions /week; D: 9-15 min	Repeated sprint training: 2-3 set * 6 reps, 20-s of passive recovery between reps and 3-min of active recovery between sets;	All-out	Pre- season	Repeated sprint (RSA); Power (CMJ, repeated VJ); Cardiovascular endurance (VO_2max)	EG: RSA, CMJ ↑; repeated VJ, VO_2max ↔; CG: all ↔	NR
D’Elia et al. (2021)	N = 22 M; TB: NR; A = 19.1 ± 1.1 years, H = 185 ± 5.2 cm, BM = 70.9 ± 6.0 kg; PL: developmental	HIIT	RT	Len: 12 weeks; F: 3 sessions /week; D: 20 min	Tabata workout protocol, including push-ups, split squats, box jumps, burpees, jumping rope, jumping jacks and more; 4 sets * 8 reps, 10-s to 20-s rest between sets, 10-s rest between reps	170% of VO_2max	Pre- season	Cardiovascular endurance (VO_2max, anaerobic threshold)	EG: all ↑; CG: all ↔	NR
Arslan et al. (2022)	N = 32 M; TB: 3 years at least; EG1: A = 14.6 ± 0.5 years, H = 180.2 ± 3.7 cm, BM = 69.8 ± 3.3 kg; EG2: A = 14.4 ± 0.5 years, H = 178.3 ± 3.7 cm, BM: 70.2 ± 3.3 kg; PL: developmental	EG1: HIIT; EG2: SSG	N/A	Len: 6 weeks; F: 3 sessions /week; D: 6-9 min	90-95% of VIFT for 15-s, followed by-15 s of passive recovery	>85% of HRmax	Pre- season	Cardiovascular endurance (Yo-Yo IR 1, VO_2max, 30-15 VIFT); Linear sprint (5-m, 10-m, 20-m, 30-m); Repeated sprint (RSA); Power (CMJ, CMJ with arm, SJ, DJ); BP (passing, dribbling, shooting skills); COD ability (T-test)	EG1: all ↑ EG2: all ↑	30-m sprint ↑; dribbling and shooting skill ↓ in EG1 vs. EG2
Smith et al. (2022)	N = 25 FM; TB: 10 years at least; EG1: A = 20.8 ± 1.9 years, H = 173.5 ± 6.8 cm, BM = 74.2 ± 7.4 kg; EG2: A = 20.6 ± 2.0 years; H = 174.4 ± 4.8 cm; BM = 68.4 ± 4.1kg; PL: national	EG1 = hypoxic HIIT (altitude of 3052 m); EG2 = normoxic HIIT (altitude of sea level)	N/A	Len: 4 weeks; F: 2 sessions /week; D: 43 min	HIIT on devices, including a rowing ergometer, a motorized treadmill, battle ropes, a ski ergometer, an assault bike, and a treadmill run, positioned inside an attitude room; 6 sets * 6 reps * 6 exercises, 30-s rest between reps, 2-min rest between sets	Maximal effort	Off- season	Power (SJ, CMJ); Repeated sprint (1-min 17-m shuttle run); Cardiovascular endurance (Yo-Yo IR 1);	EG1: 1 min shuttle run ↑; others ↔; EG2: all ↔	All ↔ in EG1 vs. EG2
Zeng et al. (2022)	N = 19 FM; TB: 5.5 ± 1.9 years; A = 19.9 ± 1.1 years, H = 166.1 ± 5.7 cm, BM = 60.4 ± 12.1 kg; PL: national	EG1: HIIT EG2: SSG	N/A	Len: 4 weeks; F: 3 sessions /week; D: 6-9 min	90-95% of VIFT for 15-s, followed by 15-s of passive recovery, on a 20-m field with COD (180°)	HRmean: 90 ± 3.2% of HRmax RPE: 7.6 ± 0.4	Pre- season	Linear sprint (20-m); Repeated sprint (RSA); COD ability (modified T-test); Cardiovascular endurance (30-15 VIFT); Power (CMJ); BP (shooting accuracy, 1-min shooting, passing, defensive movement, control dribble)	EG1: 30-15 VIFT, RSA, T-test, defensive movement, control dribble ↑; others ↔; EG2: 20-m sprint, CMJ, shooting accuracy, passing ↔; others ↑	NA
Haghighi et al. (2023)	N = 24 FM; TB: 5.1-5.3 years; EG1: A = 15.1 ± 1.6 years, H = 167.0 ± 5.5 cm, BM = 52.5 ± 3.0 kg; EG2: A = 14.6 ± 1.5 years, H = 168.3 ± 8.7 cm, BM = 61.7 ± 10.3 kg; CG: A = 15.1 ± 1.8 years, H = 165.8 ± 9.7 cm, BM = 56.7 ± 13.6 kg; PL: developmental	EG1: HIIT EG2: PT	RT	Len: 6 weeks; F: 2 sessions /week; D: 5-10 min	Training circle including jumps, ball throw, burpees, lunges, high knees, running back and forth; 1-2 sets * 1-2 reps * 30s to 45-s, 2-min rests between sets and reps	Maximum effort	Pre- season	Linear sprint (20-m); Power (Sargent jump power, MBT, BAST for maximum anaerobic power); COD ability (lane agility drill); BP (basketball-specific test, dribble/pass/shot skills)	EG1: all ↑; EG2: all ↑; CG: dribble/ pass skill ↑; others ↔	20-m sprint, Basketball-specific performance, dribble skills ↑ in EG1 and EG2 vs. CG
Kumari et al. (2023)	N = 40 M; TB: NR; EG: A = 21.4 ± 2.6 years, H = 177.4 ± 6.0 cm, BM = 69.3 ± 7.1 kg; CG: A = 21.9 ± 2.4 years, H = 184.6 ± 12.1 cm, BM: 77.9 ± 9.7 kg; PL: national	HIIT	RT	Len: 5 weeks; F: 2 sessions /week; D: 25 min	Basketball-specific high-intensity training; A: 4 sets * 4-min high-intensity intervals, 3-min rest between sets; B: 2 sets * 15 reps * 30-s high-intensity intervals, 15-s rest between reps, 3-min rest between sets	90–95% of HRmax	NR	Cardiovascular endurance (VO_2max); COD ability (T-test); BP(wall passing, dribbling, 1-min shooting); Power (VJ, seated chest passing)	EG: all ↑; CG: dribbling ↓ others ↔	NR
Rodríguez-Fernández et al. (2023)	N = 16 FM; TB: 5 years at least; EG1: A = 17.9 ± 0.6 years, H = 175.4 ± 6.5 cm, BM = 68.1 ± 7.2 kg; EG2: A = 18.0 ± 0.4 years, H = 175.6 ± 3.6 cm, BM: 69.8 ± 5.0 kg; PL: national	EG1: cardiopulmonary-based HIIT; EG2: neuromuscular-based HIIT	N/A	Len: 6 weeks; F: 2 sessions /week; D: 18-27 min	40-m shuttle running; EG1: 2 sets * 12-min 90% of VIFT for 30-s, followed by 30-s of passive recovery, 3-min rest between sets; EG2: 2 sets * 6-min 100% of VIFT for 15-s, followed by 15-s of passive recovery, 6-min rest between sets	90-100% of VIFT	Pre- season	Cardiovascular endurance (30-15 VIFT); Repeated sprint (RSA)	EG1 and EG2: VIFT↑; RSA ↔	NR
Tao et al. (2023)	N = 30 M; TB: 8.1-8.7 years; EG1: A = 25.7 ± 2.5 years, H = 188 ± 8 cm, BM = 85.9 ± 9.5 kg; EG2: A = 25.3 ± 1.8 years, H = 189 ± 7 cm, BM = 87.0 ± 7.6 kg; CG: A = 26.2 ± 1.7 years, H = 186 ± 8 cm, BM: 85.0 ± 7.6 kg; PL: national	EG1: basketball-specific sprint interval training EG2: sprint interval training;	BT	Len: 6 weeks; F: 2 sessions /week; D: 30 min	3 sets × 7-10 reps, all out run (EG1) without ball or (EG2) with ball; 15-s run, 15-s rest between reps, 3-min rest between sets	Maximal effort	Off- season	Muscular strength (1-RM leg press); Power (VJ, SLJ); Linear sprint (20-m); COD ability (T-test, IAT); Cardiovascular endurance (Yo-Yo IR 1, VO_2max)	EG1: all ↑; EG2: all ↑; CG: all ↔	All ↑ in EG1 and EG2 vs. CG; IAT, Yo-Yo ↑ in EG1 vs EG2
Fang & Jiang (2024)	N = 20 M, 20 FM; TB: 7.2-8.4 years; EG1: A = 22.4 ± 2.2 years, H = 185.4 ± 4.1 cm, BM = 85.8 ± 8.3 kg; EG2: A = 23.5 ± 1.8 years, H = 177.4 ± 2.6 cm, BM = 71.8 ± 2.2 kg; CG1: A = 22.7 ± 2.4 years, H = 182.8 ± 4.5 cm, BM = 87.2 ± 7.8 kg; CG2: A = 23.1± 1.5 years, H = 176.8 ± 2.5 cm, BM: 72.2 ± 2.8 kg; PL: national	EG1 (M): HIIT EG2 (FM): HIIT	CG1 (M): BT CG2 (FM): BT	Len: 6 weeks; F: 3 sessions /week; D: 20 min	3 sets * 10 reps all-out run; 5-s run, 15-s rest between reps, 3-min rest between sets	RPE: 6.6-7.5	Off- season	Power (VJ); COD ability (T-test, IAT); Linear speed (20-m); Cardiovascular endurance (Yo-Yo IR 1, VO_2max)	EG1 and EG2: all ↑; CG 1 and CG 2: all ↔	All ↑ in EG1 and EG2 vs. CG1 and CG2;

A, age; H, height; BM, body mass; PL, playing level; M, male; FM, female; PT plyometric training; NR not reported, N/A, not applicable; CG, control group; EG, experimental group; F, frequency; D, duration; Len: length; HR, heart rate; RPE, rated perceived exertion (0-10) scale; C, comparison; TP, training protocol; BT, basketball training; RT, regular training; CMJ, countermovement jump; SJ, squat jump; DJ, drop jump; SLJ, standing long jump; VJ, vertical jump; HJ, horizontal jump; LH, lateral hop; RAST, running-based anaerobic sprint test; MAC, maximal voluntary contractions; Yo-Yo IR 1, Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1; IAT, Illinois agility test; RSA, repeated sprint ability; BAST, basketball-based anaerobic specific test; RAST, running-based anaerobic sprint test; BSFT, basketball-specific field test; VIFT, velocity in intermittent fitness test; PACER, progressive aerobic cardiovascular endurance run; WAT, Wingate anaerobic test; RM, repetition maximum; MBT, medicine ball throw; COD change of direction; ?, significantly positive effect; ?, significantly negative effect; ?, no effect.