Table 4. GRF data and temporal parameters. Values are expressed as mean (± SD).
| Variable |
High velocity group (n =10) |
Low velocity group (n =10) |
p |
ES |
High velocity group (n =10) |
Low velocity group (n =10) |
p |
ES |
|
|
Pivot leg |
|
|
|
Stride leg |
|
|
|
MKH |
|
|
|
MER |
|
|
|
| Force Fx (N/kg) |
-.5 (.4) |
-.2 (.2) |
.08 |
.83 |
.8 (.8) * |
-.2 (.9) |
.02 |
1.10 |
| Force Fy (N/kg) |
1.0 (.7) |
.6 (.5) |
.15 |
.66 |
-11.6 (1.7) ** |
-9.4 (1.3) |
.01 |
1.42 |
| Force Fz (N/kg) |
6.0 (1.3) |
7.2 (1.9) |
.12 |
.74 |
19.4 (1.7) ** |
16.6 (1.4) |
.00 |
1.69 |
| Resultant forces (N/kg) |
6.2 (1.1) |
7.3 (1.9) |
.13 |
.71 |
22.7 (2.1) ** |
19.1 (1.7) |
.00 |
1.75 |
|
MAP |
|
|
|
REL |
|
|
|
| Force Fx (N/kg) |
-.6 (.6) |
-.1 (.7) |
.10 |
.76 |
1.2 (1.0) |
1.0 (.7) |
.60 |
.25 |
| Force Fy (N/kg) |
9.6 (1.6) ** |
7.2 (.9) |
.00 |
1.75 |
-10.0 (1.7) * |
-7.8 (1.5) |
.01 |
1.28 |
| Force Fz (N/kg) |
11.7 (2.7) |
10.0 (1.1) |
.10 |
.76 |
19.1 (1.7) ** |
15.2 (1.9) |
.00 |
1.98 |
| Resultant forces (N/kg) |
15.2 (2.9) * |
12.4 (1.0) |
.01 |
1.20 |
21.6 (2.2) ** |
17.1 (2.3) |
.00 |
1.86 |
| Maxima and minima of GRF (N/kg) |
| Maximum Fx |
1.5 (.5) |
1.2 (.5) |
.24 |
.53 |
1.7 (.7) * |
1.0 (.6) |
.05 |
.94 |
| Maximum Fy |
9.6 (1.6) ** |
7.2 (.9) |
.00 |
1.75 |
|
|
|
|
| Maximum Fz |
13.7 (2.1) |
12.3 (1.1) |
.10 |
.77 |
20.6 (1.7) ** |
17.5 (1.6) |
.00 |
1.74 |
| Maximum Resultant forces |
16.2 (2.6) * |
13.7 (1.1) |
.01 |
1.23 |
23.7 (2.2) ** |
20.3 (2.2) |
.00 |
1.44 |
| Minimum Fx |
-1.1 (.5) * |
-0.6 (.3) |
.01 |
1.22 |
-1.4 (.8) |
-1.2 (.7) |
.60 |
.24 |
| Minimum Fy |
|
|
|
|
-11.7 (1.6) * |
-10.2 (1.7) |
.05 |
.81 |
| Maxima and minima of GRF temporal parameters (%time) |
| Maximum Fx |
97.0 (2.5) |
83.8 (22.9) |
.10 |
.83 |
173.2 (29.7) |
190.0 (20.1) |
.18 |
.67 |
| Maximum Fy |
83.6 (3.7) |
87.0 (4.7) |
.11 |
.74 |
|
|
|
|
| Maximum Fz |
71.4 (9.8) |
67.0 (8.3) |
.31 |
.45 |
187.2 (7.6) * |
178.6 (7.1) |
.02 |
1.19 |
| Maximum Resultant forces |
73.0 (9.8) |
70.9 (11.9) |
.69 |
.17 |
185.5 (7.8) * |
177.7 (6.4) |
.03 |
1.12 |
| Minimum Fx |
60.3 (31.8) |
43.7 (35.5) |
.31 |
.48 |
133.1 (25.7) |
121.8 (14.7) |
.27 |
.50 |
| Minimum Fy |
|
|
|
|
177.5 (9.9) |
170.0 (12.1) |
.16 |
.64 |
** p < 0.01, Significant difference between high and low groups.* p < 0.05, Significant difference between high and low groups.P; p value, ES; effect size value. MKH; Maximal stride knee height. MAP; Maximal anterior push-off force. SFC; Stride foot contacts ground. MER; Maximum shoulder external rotation. REL; Ball release.
