Table 4. Standardized mean difference and 95% CI for iEMG from comparisons between starting phases of each muscle and for both backstroke start variants.

	Phase	Biceps Brachii	Triceps Brachii	Tibialis Anterior	Gastrocnemius Medialis	Rectus Femoris	Biceps Femoris
Upper limbs horizontally positioned	Hands-off vs Take-off	.01[-.76,.77]	-.46[-1.26,34]	-.42[-1.25,.41]	1.83[.64,3.03]	2.61[.85,4.37]	.37[-1.53,2.27]
	Hands-off vs Flight	.96[.14,1.77]	-1.65[-2.30,-.99]	-1.35[-2.09,-.60]	-.15[-.96,.66]	1.52[.27,2.77]	.14[-2.05,2.32]
	Hands-off vs Entry	.92[.03,1.82]	-1.57[-2.23,-.91]	-1.07[-1.84,-.29]	-.08[-1.00,.84]	2.44[.54,4.34]	-1.53[-2.71,-.35]
	Take-off vs Flight	2.32[1.07,3.58]	-.86[-1.54,-.17]	-1.02[-1.78,-.25]	-1.36[-2.14,-.58]	-.42[-1.17,.32]	-.09[-1.05,.88]
	Take-off vs Entry	2.25[.60,3.89]	-.21[-1.04,.62]	-.71[-1.51,.09]	-1.31[-2.14,-.48]	-.06[-.96,.84]	-.72[-1.47,.04]
	Flight vs Entry	-.05[-1.21,1.11]	1.61[.03,3.20]	.41[-.51,1.34]	.10[-1.00,1.19]	.53[-.64,1.70]	-.63[-1.46,.21]
Upper limbs vertically positioned	Hands-off vs Take-off	-.38[-1.18,.43]	-.43[-1.13,.27]	-.31[-1.04,.42]	1.61[.51,2.71]	1.39[-.03,2.82]	.00[-.90,.90]
	Hands-off vs Flight	.74[-.11,1.59]	-.93[-1.60,-.26]	-1.06[-1.76,-.35]	-.43[-1.19,.33]	.87[-.06,1.80]	-.40[-1.43,.63]
	Hands-off vs Entry	.62[-.31,1.54]	-.53[-1.21,.16]	-.46[-1.19, .27]	.00[-.99,.98]	1.75[.51,2.99]	-1.27[-2.15,-.40]
	Take-off vs Flight	1.46[.43, 2.48]	-.99[-1.68,-.30]	-1.22[-2.01,-.42]	-1.45[-2.19,-.71]	-.29[-1.09,.51]	-.40[-1.43,.63]
	Take-off vs Entry	1.29[.16, 2.43]	-.19[-.97,.58]	-.24[-1.11,.62]	-1.15[-1.99,-.30]	.20[-.69,1.09]	-1.27[-2.15,-.40]
	Flight vs Entry	-.14[-1.13, .86]	1.77[.51,3.03]	1.17[.22,2.12]	.58[-.65,1.80]	.81[-.36,1.98]	-.69[-1.50,.11]